Universal Concepts List (100-words, Swadesh 1971=final) with supposed Proto-Indo-European cognate stems, and their primary, “unmarked” translations in 17 representative old and recent IE languages 

(This is the summary list of work in progress at detailed lists, and not thoroughly formatted)

By Hans J. Holm

Important note: This summary is exclusively aimed at glottochronological purposes. This, above all requires finding the most common, popular, everyday, “unmarked” translation for the given test meanings/concepts, which often will neither be the term scientists would choose, nor must be similar with the assumed meaning of the root. Only then the root has to be found, only in order to decide, which translations in the above sense are cognate or not. In most cases this aim does not necessarily require detailed notions of the grammar. Note further that pure loan pronunciations are glottochronologically not counted as replacements.

 

The list starts per every meaning with the most probable native PIE labels, which are then followed by the isolate forms (orphans); Loans are in[Square brackets]; translations with deviant meaning in brackets. : Cancelled by Ringe in screened list; G =Gap, not securely attested.

Sw

Meaning

Sys

Cod

PIE ref. (*omitted)

Source

Assessmt.

Rus

Lit

oIs

Bkm

oIr

rIr

Itn

Lat

Alb

aGr

rGr

Arm

Hit

ToB

Ave

San

Hnd

09

all (of a no.)

01

wiƙ-wo ‘all’ <(h1)wiƙ/wo

P1175

+WE

все 

vìsa-

 

 

-

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

višpa-

viśva

 

09

all (of a no.)

02

s)ol-y,wo- no, mostly ‘whole’

P24,979

-distr.: ‘all’ only Grm!)

 

 

allir

alle

uile

uile

 

(ultra)

 

(ὅλος)

όλος

 

 

(salu)

(haurva)

(sárva)

 

09

all (of a no.)

03

teh₁- ‘schwellen’

P1080

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

tutti

(totus)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

09

all (of a no.)

04

op-1 {n} < hep-

P780

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

omnēs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(sab)

09

all (of a no.)

05

shei- ‘bind together’ (?)

L544

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

gjithë

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

09

all (of a no.)

06

ƙew-a- ‘swollen’

 >pehₐ-nt

P592-3

(auch Adams)

meaning shift; ToB debated

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 (ἅ)πας,

 πάν-τες

 

 

 

po(ñc) 

 

 

 

09

all (of a no.)

07

bʰel-3, bʰol-

not (P120-)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

bolor

 

 

 

 

 

09

all (of a no.)

08

no convincing, L < ?!

All sources

loan(?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ḫūmant]

 

 

 

 

09

all (of a no.)

09

unknown; L < ?

NOT < sarva!

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sārā

83

ash(es)

10

ā̆s(d/g(h))- < hé(h,)s-+g(h)  ‘glow, ashes’

P68,9

+W+E

 

 

aska 

aske 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ačiun?)

ḫāss- 

 

 

ā́sa

 

83

ash(es)

11

ken-2.-nis ‘ashes’ < kh,en- ‘scrape’

P559-2.

(~P917 ?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ceneri

cinis

 

(κόνις

dust, ashes’)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

83

ash(es)

12

ĝel- ‘glänzen, helle Farben, glühen’

P430 ?

Orphan

золá 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

83

ash(es)

13

polh-

P802;St899;ewS;Bi

Orphan

 (пепел)

pelenaĩ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

83

ash(es)

14

lou(H)- < lewh2,3- ‘waschen’

P692 (687 ?)

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

lúaith

lúaith

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

83

ash(es)

15

s)k̑ih-n ‘shine’?

 P917 ?

PAlb. sk̑ino-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hi(ri)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

83

ash(es)

16

dʰegʷʰ-

L133,P240-1

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

τέφρα

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

83

ash(es)

17

stag ‘t drop’ (nose)?

L592; 1010-1 ?

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

στάχτη

 

 

 

 

 

 

83

ash(es)

18

s)meukh- ‘smoke’

w Staro P971; Mrt. no entry; ewy nEty

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

moxir

 

 

 

 

 

83

ash(es)

19a

dʰou(hx)-ro;

or L<Turk. tōŕ dust?

Adams96:311;

or Bla11:App.1?

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AB taur

(L?)

 

 

 

83

ash(es)

19b

āter- ‘Feuer, schwarz’

(P69)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ātriiəm

 

 

83

ash(es)

19c

रकषा (rakṣā) ‘damage’

MhII-423

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(bhásman)

rākh

27

bark (of tree)

20

s)ker-(t) ‘cut off, rind’

WP938-4.

?amb. (-Lu)

kora

 

 

 

 

 

corteccia

cortex

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

27

bark

21

ĝ(e)I ‘burst’

Frae ~ (P355)

 

 

 žievė

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

27

bark

22

bʰer-ĝh- ‘bergen’ >Gefäße?

P145

Gmc barkuz

 

 

borkr

bark

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

27

bark

23

L<Britannic

Lucht

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

[rúsc]

[rúsc]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

27

bark

24

léubʰo-

 < leu-bʰ.eh-2

P681-.2 >P690;

M/A

Orphan

(SHr,R lub)

(lúoba?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

lëvozhgë

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

27

bark

25

bhleu-

P158

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

φλοιός

φλουδα

 

 

 

 

 

 

27

bark

26

L <Syriac

ewy

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[keġev]

 

 

 

 

 

27

bark

27

Gap

All sources

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

 

27

bark

28

temh-, hṇtm(h)- ‘cut in’ > enm-+e-+tre

Adams, not in

(L625;P1062)

hapax l

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B enmetre 

 

 

 

27

bark

29

Gap

All sources

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

27

bark

29a

uolko- ‘bark’ only Vedic

P1139f

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

valká

 

27

bark

29b

s)kel- ‘schneiden’

P923-1

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

(scorza)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(challi )

chāl

49

belly (abdomen, not stomach)

30

udero-, udára 

P1104

+W+E

 

 

 

 

 

 

?ventre

venter

 

 

 

 

 

 

udar-

udára-

 

49

belly

31

bhreu-s1

P171; La

W only

Брюшко

 

 

 

brú

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

49

belly

32

pl̥H-u ‘full’ <pel-1

(P799)

Orphan

 

pilvas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

49

belly

33

gʷet- ‘Rundung’

P48, Bla

Orphan

 

 

kviðr 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bkātso

 

 

 

49

belly

34

bʰ(e)w-g

P100

W only

 

 

 

buk

 

 

(? pancia )

< (pantex)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

49

belly

35

bholĝ-o ‘bellows’

P125

Orphan

 

 

(belgr)

 

 

bolg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

49

belly

36

bharekw ‘vollgestopft’

Ho(P110)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

barku

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

49

belly

37

gres/gras ‘ver-schlingen’

P404,L192

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

γαστήρ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

49

belly

38

ƙew ‘hohl’

P593

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

κοιλιά

 

 

 

 

 

 

49

belly

39a

L < Georgian?

Mrt-

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[p’or]

 

 

 

 

 

49

belly

39b

L < ? unattested

All sources

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[sarḫuwant]

 

 

 

 

49

belly

39c

(s)keu-2 ‘bedecken ?

Lub:(P953)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(kukṣí)

kukṣi

49

Belly

39d

gwey-to- < gʷihwo-  ‘Leben’

(P467-9)

polysemous

(живот)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

49

belly

39e

ab-do-men (Lat)

irrelevant

in medicine

(aбдомен)

 

 

 

 

 

(addome)

(abdomen)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13

big (large, cf many, long)

40

meĝ-(e)h- <m̥g̑h-éh-m

P708

+W+E

-

 

 

 

mor

mór

 

magnus

madhe

μέγας 

μεγάλος

meç

 

(māk(a)

maz-a

mah-ā́nt

 

13

big

41

bel- ‘stark’

P96-2

orphan

большой

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13

big

42

no PIE ety L <?

Frae93: not P,;

orphan

 

[dìdelis]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13

big

43

steh₂-E12

P1008

PGmc stōra-

 

(stóras)

stórr

stor

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13

big

44

gwrendʰ- ‘swollen’?

P485

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

grande

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

13

big

45

L <Akkšallannu? Or,

solHi; or both !!

(P979 ?)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(solidus, salvus)

 

(ὅλος?)

 

 

[salli] (?)

 

 

 

 

13

big

46

uru-(e)H-tyo-

M/A; Bla

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B orotstse 

 

 

 

13

big

47

wer-2+dh

Mh: P1167

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(vaḍra-)

baṛā

20

bird 

(cf “fly”)

50

awei- <h(é)wi- ‘bird’

P86

+W+E

 

 

 

 

 

 

uccello

avis

(vido

Taube’)

(αἰετός

Adler’)

 

(hav)

suwai- (hapax)?

 

vaii,

vīš

véṣ, váy,

ví-

 

20

bird

51

ptēr- ‘wing, feather’ <peth-r/n -2 ‘t fly’

L479,P825

+W+E

 

 

 

 

Lu en

éan

 

 

 

(πέτομαιι)

 

ewS tʽṙčʽun 

 

 

 

 

 

20

bird

52

peh3u- ‚klein‘

P843

Branch orphans

птица 

paũkštis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

bird

53

plew-k ‘t fly’ dissimiltd

(?L488), P837

Branch orphans

 

 

fugl ?

fugl ?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

bird

54

ĝʰāgʷʰ-

P409

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

zogu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

bird

55

h,er-en ‘(gr) Vogel, Adler’

P325,6

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ὄρνις

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

bird

56

L <Lat pullus?

ewy no So

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(πώλος)

[πουλί]

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

bird

57

No cogn known; L < ?

Klo 987

hapax

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

wattei  

 

 

 

 

20

bird

58

salamo ‘flying’; L < ?

Adams

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ṣalamo

luwo]

 

 

 

20

bird

59

peg- ‘Achsel, wing(ed)’

P792

+W+E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(pakṣin)

pakṣī

20

bird

59a

Not applicable

not used

meaning

(орьлъ

Adler’)

(erelis

Adler)

 

 

(irar

eagle’)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(oror)

(ḫāras)

 

 

 

 

56

bite (v) [cf “eat”]

60

de(n)ƙ- ‘bite, tear, press’

L117,P201

only E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

δάκνω

δαγκώνω

 

 

tsāk-B ?

(jAv:dạs)

daṁs

 

56

bite (v)

61

kenH-d

P560(559); L-

Branch orphans

кусать 

(į)kąsti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

56

bite (v)

62

bheid- ‘spalten, beißen’

P116

Branch orphans

 

 

bita

bite

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

56

bite (v)

63

kneh (nur i ZusSetzgn)

P559

orphan

 

 

 

 

(cnaïd?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

56

bite (v)

64

(s)ker(c)- ‘cut? or

Oir benaid +ghredh ?

P938 ?

P456

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

báin gréim

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

56

bite (v)

65

hmerd-

L280

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

mordere

mordēre

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

56

bite (v)

66

L< Lat captiare

Holm 2011

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[kafshoj]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

56

bite (v)

67

No ety given; L < ?

(Mrt -;ews -)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[kçel]

 

 

 

 

 

56

bite (v)

68

u̯eh2g/ĝ (?)

L664?,P1110

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

wāk- I

([kāpar])

 

 

 

56

bite (v)

69

(s)ker-t

P941

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(khād >)

kat

91

black(col)

 [amb]  

70

kr̥s-ṇo- ‘black’

P583

+W+E, amb

чёрный 

 

(oPr:kirsnan)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kr̥ṣṇá

 

91

black

71

no resultL <?

Frae197, fehlt P

orphan

 

[júodas]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

91

black

72

s(w)er-3, dhem

P1052

orphan

 

 

svartr

svart  (sort)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

91

black

73

dheu-bh

P264-1

orphan

 

 

 

 

dub

dubh

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

91

black(col)

74

nókʷts-?? (Watkins)

not (P762)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

nero

(niger)

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

91

black

75

ht(e)r- ‘Feuer’

P69

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

āter 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ātar-)

 

 

91

black

76

gu̯hHi-d

Pk488;Ho

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

zi

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

91

black(col)

77

mel-

P720

orphan

 

(Lv:melns)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

μέλᾱς

 

 

-

 

 

(meliná)

 

91

black

78

mau-ro- ‘faded, dark’

P701

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

μαύρος

 

 

 

 

 

 

91

black(col)

79a

ƙei-ro-2 Pok: L <Ira

P540-1

Loan

 

 

 

 

(ciar)

 

 

 

 

 

 

[se(a)v

-

 

(syāva )

śyāmá

 

91

black

79b

dhngw-(e)i- ‘dunkel (!)’

P247f

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

t/dankui  I

 

 

 

 

91

black

78c

ergʷ-ont <h1ṛgʷ  ‘dark’

(P857)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Berkent

 

 

 

91

black

79c

ƙei-2 >ƙye-mo ‚black‘

P540-1

primary

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sāmō/a 

śyāmá

 

91

black

79d

kāl- ‘spots,white’

P547?

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[kālā]

30

blood n

80

es-r̥-o <hésh-ro

P343

+W+E

 

(Lv: asins)

 

 

 

 

 

(aser)

 

(ἔαρ)

 

aryun

ēsḫar-

B ysär

 

ásṛj

-

30

blood

81

s(u̯)ekʷo-s

P1044; waits for deVaan 2016-06

Lat in unsourced enwy to above

 

 

 

 

 

 

sangue

(?)

sanguis  (?)

gjak

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

30

blood

82

kreu-< krewh (ewS)

P621 kreu-1

Branch orphans

кро-вь

krauja-s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

30

blood

83

bhleu- ‘flow’? uncertain

(P158f

Gmc

 

 

blóð

blod

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

30

blood

84

wel-

P1144-8A

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

fuil

fuil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

30

blood

85

sei-/soi- ‘tröpfeln, ) +m

(P889)

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

αἷμα

αίμα

 

 

 

 

 

 

30

blood

86

wes-3 ‘feucht, nass’

P1172 “vermutl”

Skjaervo kA

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

vohu-tāt/nī

 

[xūn]

30

blood

87

reƙhÞ- ‘schädigen’ >auf’s Blut ?

(P864,875)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

rakt 

31

bone (oppos.

 to flesh)

90

ost-i- <héstH- 

P783

+W+E

 

 

 

 

(asna)

(asil)

osso

os(su)

(asht-)

ὀστέον

οστό (hwik)

(v)oskor

ḫastāi

AB āy

ast-

ásthi 

(asthi)

31

bone

91

kost-

P616

orphan

кость

 

 

 

 

 

 

(costa)

 

(κόκκαλος)?

κόκκαλα

 

 

 

 

 

 

31

bone

92

kost-; here L <Sla

P616

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[kockë]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31

bone

93

kaw(ǝ)l-

P537; starling

orphan

 

káula-s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31

bone

94

bhei(H)- ‘schlagen/hit’

P117

Branch orphans

 

 

bein

[ben]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31

bone

95

knh2-mi ‘t gnaw off’ [?]

P559f

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

cnáim 

cnámh

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

31

bone

96

hóst(h)??

No serious ety.

SV unreliable

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

haḍḍī

51

breasts  (fem, Ri. “woman’s”)

100

ps(t)ē̆n-otit(s)

P990

meaning?

 

(aPr: spenis)

(speni)

 

(sine)

 

( sene)

(sinus)

 

(στῆθος)

 

(seldom:

st(h)in)

 

päś-śäṃA/caneB 

fštāna

stána

stan

51

breasts (fem)

101

gʷrandh-/-e

(gʷʰrendʰ-) ‘schwellen’

P485

orphan

грудь

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

51

breasts (fem)

102

krū̆t- ‘convex, belly’

P624

orphan

 

krūtis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

51

breasts (fem)

103

bhrew-d,s- ‘schwellen’

P169,170

Branch orphans

(brjúcho)

-

brjóst 

[bryst]

( bruinne)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(St:B

 pratsāko:?)

 

(bṙst)

 

51

breasts (fem)

104

k̑eHk-4  (n Pedersen)

P522

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 cích

cíoch

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

51

breasts (fem)

105

childs word <mother

-

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

mammella

mammae

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

51

breasts (fem)

106

L<Cel (?)

Holm

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[gji]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

51

breasts (fem)

107

mad ‘fat, ‘glossy’

P694

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

μαστός

μαστός

 

 

 

 

 

 

51

breasts (fem)

108

kor- ‘hängen’? uncertain

Mrt (P573)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kurçk’  

 

 

 

P( uras)

(chātī)

51

breasts (fem)

109a

dheh-ilo ‘saugen, säugen’

P241f

Klo875

(or < above??)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

došikner

 (tētan )

 

 

 

 

51

breasts (fem)

109b

peg- ‘breast(s)’

P792

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

([ucht])

([ucht])

(pectus)

(petto)

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

84

burn (i. not maintainable)

110

dhegwh-, ‘verbrennen’[!]

L133,P240

+W+E (Lu~)

žeč{tr}

dèg-ù/ti

(deg-inti)

 

 

 

 

 

(foveo)

djeg

 

 

 

 

(tsäk {vt})

dažaiti

dáh-ati

 

84

burn

111

wer(H)-12 ‘(ver)brennen)’

P1166-12 (≠L689!)

Alternate with 4?

(vьritь)

(vérda)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

vaṙ-im/

vel

u(w)ar-nu

 

 

 

 

84

burn

112

gwher-t,nu ( ‘hot‘)

P493

Alternate with 3?

гореть

(gariù ?)

 

 

 

 

 

(fornus)

 

 

 

(ǰer)

 

 

 

 

 

84

burn

113

1gwher-t,nu ( ‘hot‘)

2bʰrewh (?)

1 P493; or

2 Kroo

Alternate with 3?

 

 

brenna

brenne

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

84

burn

114

le-heidh-12 ‘entzünden’

L259,P652/11-12

orphan

 

 

 

 

las-aid?

 

 

-

 

αἵθομαι {t/i}

 

 

 

(sälp)

 

(indhé)

 

84

burn

115

dehw-  

L104+,P179f

Var of dhegwh?

cf warm, hot!

 

 

 

 

(dóïd)

dói-gh

 

 

 

(δαίω, δέδηε ) {t/i}

 

 

 

 

(θaw-/θū)

dunóti

 

84

burn

116

as-/azd- ‘brennen, glühen’

P68

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

loiscid?

 

ardere

ārdeō

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

84

burn

117

keh₂w- ‘anzünden, verbrennen’

L345-1;P595

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

καίω

καίγομαι

 

 

 

 

 

 

84

burn

118

āter-

P69

not primary

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ayr-vel

 

 

 

 

 

84

burn

119a

bʰeleg- ‘leuchten’

L86,P124-5

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pälk-etär 

(saok)

 

 

84

burn

119b

heidh-12 ‘entzünden’

L259,P11-12

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

αἵθομαι {t/i}

 

 

 

(sälp)

 

(indhé)

jalnā

84

burn

119c

hews- ‘t burn’

L245,P347f

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

(bruciare, tr)

St: ūrō {t?}

(ethe)

(εὕω)

 

 

 

 

(by-ūvā’re)

óṣ(ati)

 

80

cloud (not smoke, fume)  

120

nébh-(eleh/es)-, (h)mb(h)-(ro-)

P315f-2

+W+E, -Lu!]

(nebo-)

debesìs

 

 

nél

(neal)

 

(nebula)

 

νέφος

(σύν)νεφο(ς)

amp

(nepis-)

 

CG(aβrəm)

(abhrá)

 

80

cloud

121

migh- mainly ‘fog

P712

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ὀμίχλη)

 

 

 

 

maēɣa

mēghá

 

80

cloud

123

el-6 ‘t drift’ +ek ?

proposal: P306

orphan

о́блакo 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

80

cloud

124

s)k(')ew- ‘bedecken’

P951

Gmc skeuja-

 

 

ský

ský

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

80

cloud

125

s)kep-?- ‘bedecken’

(P930)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

scamall

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

80

cloud

126

sneudh-2       ‘fog

P978-2

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

nuvola

nūbēs

 

(νυθόν)

 

 

-

 

(snaođa)

-

 

80

cloud

126

h3rei̯H-‘wirbeln, fließen’ +n

Ho (<L305)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

re-ja

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

80

cloud

127

( albho ‘weiß’?)

P30 ?

(cf lat albus)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

alpa ?

 

 

 

 

80

cloud

128

dherg- > dʰṛg-r-u ‘Trübes’

P252;Adams

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B tarkär

 

 

 

80

cloud

129

werdʰ- ‘emporsteigen’

SV (P1167)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

bādal

94

cold   

130

ƙel-1 ‘cutting warm or cold’

P551-1

W+E

 

šáltas

(hēla)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(սառ- ‚eiskalt‘)

 

 

sarǝta

śíśira

 

94

cold

131

g/ĝel(ə)-3, w metathesis :algh- <helgh-

P365-3

P32

+W(+E)

холодный 

 

 

kaldr

kald

 

 

 

(gelidus)

 

(γελανδρόν)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

94

cold

132

kreu-¹ ‚stockendes‘

ƙeh1,3(u)ero ‘northern wind’

P621-2;

cf.P597

E only

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

κρύος

c’urt

 

B krośce 

 

 

 

94

cold

133

ou-(g)?- <huh-dhr-

P783

+W+E?

 

(Lv: aũksts)

 

 

úar

fuar

 

 

 

 

 

(oic)

 

 

(aota)

 

 

94

cold

134

srīg- <s)reh₁ig- ‘Kälte’

1004

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

freddo

frigidus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

94

cold

135

tep ‘warm’

Ho: L629-1

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ftohtë

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

94

cold

136

bhes ‘to blow’

Beekes;P146?

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ψυχρός

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

94

cold

137

ei-s-2 <hei-s- ‘ice’

P503,301-2

orphan

(īnja)

(ižà)?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ek-una-

 

(isu)

 

 

94

cold

138

PDra taṇ- ‘cold, grace’

Ho/DraSt

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(paġ)

 

 

 

 

[ṭhaṅḍā]

66

come vi [cf walk, go]

140

gwe-m- ‘t come, go’

L209,P463

+W+E  (-Lu)

 

 

koma

komme

-

-

venire

veniō

 

(LIV:βάσκε!)

 

gal =ek-n

 

B käm-

(ā) ǰam-

(â)gam

ā- (?)

66

come

141

sed-

L514, P887

orphan

приходи́ть

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

142

hei̯- ‘gehen’

L232, P293-6

orphan

(pri-jti)

=at-eĩti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ú(w)e 

 

 

 

 

66

come

143

hneƙ- ‘reach, go away’

L232,P293,316

Branch orphans

 

(oPr: perēi-)

 

 

do-icc

=tag-aim

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

66

come

144

L<Lat venīre

Holm Alb

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[vij] L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

66

come

145

her-(ĝh)- ‘komm-, gehen’

L238,P326f

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ἔρχομαι

έρχομαι

 

(āri-)

 

 

 

 

66

come

146

hneƙ- ‘erreichen’

L282-2,P316-8

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ri: ā ǰasaiti,

ā aēti

 

ānā

61

die vi

150

mer- ‘t die, disappear’

L439,P735

+W+E, meang

у-мирать

 

mir-ti

 

 

 

 

morire

mori-

 

(ἔμορτεν)

 

meṙnel

 (mer-t)?[L]

-/-

miriiāite

ṃr/mar-

mar

61

die

151

dhew- ‘dwindle die’

P260

orphan

 

 

deya

[dø]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

die

152

gwā- ‘come,go’?

gwel- <gʷelh- ‘Tod, ’

L203,P470,1

(P463)

orphan

 

 

 

 

at-baill

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

die

153

gwadh-? (above +-d)!

P465

orphan

 

 

 

 

(bā́id) 

faigh bás

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

die

154

dhgu̯he- ‘hinschwinden, sterben‘

L150

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

vdes

(ἔφθι-)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

die

155

dhenh1- ‘run off’

L144,P249

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ἀποθνῄσκω 

πεθαίνω

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

61

die

156

?heƙ/ĝH

L232/4/5?

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

āk(k)-

 

 

 

 

61

die

157

stre-wg- ‘erschöpft’

Ad (L605,P1029)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B sruk-

 

 

 

61

die

158

welh- ‘schlagen’, or ‘perish’?

L679,P1144-5

-meaning

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(άλϖναιἡ)

 

 

(walahzi)?

( A wäl-)

 

 

 

21

dog n

160

ƙwō-(n)

P632,MBr

+W+E

 

šuõ

hundr

hund

-

cane

canis

 

κύων

 

šun

UR (kuwan-?)

ku

spā

śvā́-  

 

21

dog

161

L <Scyth. <Trk köpek

(ewy)

orphan

[собака]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

21

dog

162

L <Fr. mâtin <Lat. mansuetus (medieval Wanderwort)

Lu, fr.wiktionary

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

[madra]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

21

dog

163

L <Lat canis

Holm

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>[qen]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

21

dog

164

s)keu- > pej ‘abgezogene Tierhaut’

P951

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

σκύλος

 

-

 

 

 

 

21

dog

165

L <Prakrit?

SV

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

[kuttā ]L

54

drink vt

170

pō(i) <peh(i)-(lo)

L462,P839

+W+E Lu!

pi-tь

 

 

 

ibid

ól(aim)

bere

bib-

πί̄νω

πίνω

(əmpem)

 

 

(paitī {fadj})

pīnā

54

drink

171

egʷʰ <hegʷʰ

L231 P23

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ēbrius)

 

 

 

 

egu 

=   yok- 

 

 

 

54

drink

172

gwerh3- ‘verschlingen’

L211, P474-5

orphan

(cf Alb ‘eat’),

 

gérti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

54

drink

173

dhreĝ- ‘ziehen/t draw’ (a drink)

P273

Branch orphans

 

 

drekka

drikke

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

54

drink

174

L < ?

VP-,ewy-,fwy-

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[xmel]

 

 

 

 

 

54

drink

175

swel-?2 ‘swallow’

L609, P1045

Ave only

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

xvar(aiti)

 

 

99

dry (adj)

180

s)(a)us- <hsus- ‘burn’ >’dry’

P880 <P68-9

+W+E

сухой 

saũsas

 

 

 

 

 

(sūdus)

(āridus)

thatë

(αὖχμηρός)

 

 

ḫāt-ant

āsar

huška

śúṣka

sūkhā

99

dry

181

tr̥s-u,toscorched, thirsty’

P1078

-meaning

 

 

þurr

tørr

tīr(im)

tirim

 

(oLa

torrus)

(ter)

τέρσομαι

 

 

(tarš-ant) 

 

(taršu-)

 

-

99

dry

182

ƙsē̆-ro

P625

E only

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ξηρός

ξηρός

čor

 

 

 

 

-

99

dry

183

seikʷ- ‘ausgießen’

P893

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

secco 

siccus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

39

ear  (anat)  

190

ōu-/ə-/u-s- <h(e)ów-s-

P785

Lu+W+E

ухо

ausìs

eyra

[øre]

(āu)

 

orecchio

auris

vesh

οὐς

αυτί

akanǰ

 

 

(uši) [?]

 

 

39

ear

191

ƙlew-s-t,verbAbstr

P605

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

clúas

cluas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

klautsoB 

 

 

 

39

ear

192

stomen <stéh-mn ‘Mund’

Kloekh411

(P1035)

if not orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

istāman

 

 

 

 

39

ear

193

ghous- ‘t hear’

P454

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

gao-šō

 

 

39

ear

194

(s)ker-3 ‘drehen, biegen’

P935-8 ff ?

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kárṇa

kān

79

earth (soil! opp.to sand, stone; thus not globe, territory)

200

dhéĝhom- (P: ĝhðe/om-) 

P414, MBr

+W+E

(земля)

(žẽmė)

 

 

 

ithir

 

humus

dhe

χθών

 

 

tēkan

keṃ 

zā̊(m)

kṣā́m 

 

79

earth

201

bʰudʰ-

P174

orphan

почва !

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

79

earth

202

dr(H)-u-

P209,Derksen

orphan

 

dirva

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

79

earth

203

mel-dh

P716-7

Branch orphan

 

 

mold

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

79

earth

204

er-t/w- < her-t-  

P332-4

HS -D ?

 

 

(jǫrð)

[jord]

 

 

 

 

 

(ἔρᾱ)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

79

earth

205

tel(H/u) ‘flat’

P1061

orphan

 

 

 

 

talam

(talam?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

79

earth

206

swol-3 ‘Sohle, Unterstes’

P1046

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

suolo

(solum)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

79

earth

207

wedn- ‘scrambled’?

(P1115-1)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(οὖδας)

έδαφος

(getin?)

(utnē)

 

 

 

 

79

earth

208

pelH-,plā- ‘flat’

P805

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hoġ

 

 

 

 

 

79

earth

209

dher-> dharitrī-

P252-2

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 dhartī

79

earth

209a

not applicable

irrelevant

(semanics)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(terra)

(terra)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

55

eat  v,

[cf tooth] 

210

ed- < h1éd-

[Rasm o-h1d-é-] 

L230,P287

+W+E

ес-ть 

(ė́du)

eta

 

(ed-

suppl)

 

 

edō

 

ἔδω

 

ute-l

ēd-

 

ađāiti

ád-

 

55

eat

211

welg-?

L676 ? P1145

orphan

 

válg-yti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

55

eat

212

mLat>mnd>dan

K/S; B/V

orphan

 

 

 

[spise]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

55

eat

213

pei(H)-(tu)?

P793,Lucht

orphan

 

 

 

 

ith(id-)

ith

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

55

eat

214

L<OFre mangier <Latmanus ducere 

Cor922

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

[mangiare]  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

55

eat

215

gu̯erh3- ‘verschlingen/to swallow’

L211

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hë-ngra

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

55

eat

216

treh3g/ĝ- ‘zernagen’

L647;P1073

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

τρώ(γ)ω

 

 

 

 

 

 

55

eat

217

dā-p- < dehp ‘zerteilen’?

L104, P175-6

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tāpp

 

 

 

55

eat

218

khād not PIE

P634

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

khānā

55

eat

219

not applicable

irrelevant

(meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[yuváte]?

 

55

eat

219a

aƙ(ō)- <heƙh- ‘t finish up’

L261, P18

(meaning)

 

 

(ǣja)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(as-)

 

33

egg [cf seed!] 

220

ō(w)yóm- < ehwyom (Lub hōuiom [?])

P783

+W+E

яйцо 

 

egg

egg

og

ubh

uovo

ōvum

vez-ë

ὠιόν

αυγό

ču

 

 

BH: aēm

(hagey)

 

 

33

egg

221

s)keu-ƙ ‘einhüllen’

P953

orphan

 

kiaušìnis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

33

egg

222

Gap

All sources

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

 

33

egg

223

Gap

All sources

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

33

egg

224

L <Mong Өндөг?

Ho

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- na

Ri,St na

[āṅḍā]

[ãṇḍā]

40

eye   

230

okw- <h(e)kw- sehen, Auge’; red kwhƙ ‚erscheinen‘

L297, P775;

P638

+W+E

(oko

alt)

akìs 

auga

[øye]

 

 

occhio

oculus

syri

ὄσσε

 

akn

(ačʿkʿ)

 

A ek

 

ákṣi

ā̃kh

40

eye

231

here: gel-g ‘little ball’

P358

orphan

глаз

 

 

 

rosc? (Pok)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40

eye

232

sā́wel- <séhwel-

P881

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

súil

súil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40

eye

233

AGre ὀμμά-+τιον >

(P776)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ὀφθαλμός)

μάτι

 

 

 

 

 

 

40

eye

234

sekw-2 ‘notice,follow’ (s-mobile-form?)

L525,P897-2;

K “by lenition”

too seldom

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

šākuwa

(sotre)

 

 

 

40

eye

235

kweƙ- ‘sehen, erblicken’

L383, P638 !

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

čašman

(cákṣuṣ)

 

36

feather (large, not down) [amb]

240

pet-(e)r1,2 < peth- >‘for flying’?

P824-6 1,2

amb 

 

 

fjǫðr

fjær

 

 

( penna)

penna

 

πτερόν

φτερό

pʿetur (?)

 

pattar

 

 

(páttra, cf ‘leaf’) 

 

36

feather

241

s)por-no-‘wing, feather’

P817-2B >P850

+W+E, (-Lu!)

перо 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 paruwaB 

parənəm

parṅá

 

36

feather

242

here: pleuk ‘flock, feather’

P838

orphan

 

plùnksna

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36

feather

243

L < Lat plūma-

Lucht

orphan

 

 

 

 

[clūm]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36

feather

244

L < ?

Lucht

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

[cleite]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36

feather

245

pleu- ‘fließen’ (cf  pleus-   ‘Flaumfeder’)

(P836)

(P838)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 piuma

< (pluma)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36

feather

246

L <Lat penna ‘feather, wing’

Holm

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[pendë]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

36

feather

247

pH3g ‘Schulter, Flügel’

Lub, P792

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pãṅkh

82

fire  

250

peu̯ōr- < péh-wr- {n inanim}

P828

+W+E

 

(oPr: panno)

(fýrr)

 

 

 

 

(U.m pir)

 

πῦρ

 

hur

paḫḫur

pūwar

 

 

 

82

fire

251

e/ognis < h(é)ngwi- /Hn̥gʷis (animatum)

P293

WE{animatum}

огонь 

ugnis

 

 

 

 

 

ignis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

agní

āg

82

fire

252

ai-dh ‘burn’ ?

P12

Branch orphans

 

 

eldr

[ild]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

82

fire

253

tep-n-os

Lucht: P1069

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

teine

tine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

82

fire

254

bʰoƙ- ‘Flamme, <rot?’

P162

uncertain

 

 

 

 

 

 

fuoco

 

 

 

 

(bocʿ)

 

 

 

 

 

82

fire

255

gu̯her- ‘warm’

P493

orphan

 

 

 

 

(air gorn)

 

 

 

zjarr

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

82

fire

256

bhā- ‘shine’ >AGre φῶς ‎>φωτία

(P104-5)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

φωτιά

(krak)

 

 

 

 

 

82

fire

257

āt(e)r- <eht(e)r-

P69

orphan

(vátra)

 

(hyrr)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ātarš

 

 

19

fish

260

ĝhđū- <dhĝhuH- [cf uga dagu]

P416

+W+E

 

žuvìs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ἰχθῦς

 

juk-n

(suwais)?

 

 

 

 

19

fish

261

p(e)isk- [?]

P796

[only W]

 

 

fiskr

fisk

īasc

iasc

pesce

piscis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

19

fish

262

rHi ‘striped’?

P859 ?

Slav only

рыба

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

19

fish

263

L <pisce <Lat piscis

Holm

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>[peshk] L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

19

fish

264

ὄψον ‘relish’

L98,P145,280

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ψάρι

 

 

 

 

 

 

19

fish

265

L < ? (Hapax)

Klo 635

typical Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[parhu]  L

 

 

 

 

19

fish

266

laƙ-so

P653

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B laks

 

 

 

19

fish

267

mad- ‘triefen, Mästung’

P694-5

Indo-Iranian

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

masya

mátsya >

machlī

29

flesh (1955 meat, =Ri.)*

270

mēmso- <m(e)h1mso  ‘animal flesh as food’ ?

P725

+W+E;

мясо  

mēsà

 

 

 

 

 

 

mīshi

 

 

mis

 

mīsa 

 

māṃsá 

mā̃s

29

flesh 

271

krewh- ‘blood, bloody meat

P621-1

ambiguos

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

κρέας

κρέας

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

flesh

272

s)kel- ‘cut’

P925-1

orphan

 

 

hold

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

flesh

273

L < Dan

BV

Gmc ketwą

 

 

 

[kjøtt]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

flesh

274

wen-tli- ‘schlagen,verwunden'

P1108

Branch orphan

 

 

 

 

feóil

feoil

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

flesh

275

s)ker- ‘schneiden’

P938

Branch orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

carne

 carō

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

29

flesh

276

Gap

All sources

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

 

29

flesh

277

Gap

All sources

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

29

flesh

278

(s)kwéhxtis

M/A T63

idiosyncratic!

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

(dialects)

29

flesh

279

not applicable

na

(false meanings)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(vivum)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(gav)

 

 

64

fly v 

280

pet- ‘fly (up), fall’ 

L479-2+,

P825-2

+W+E

 

 

 

 

 

eitil

 

 

 

πέτομαι

πετώ

t’ṙč̣-

pattai

 

patǝṇti

pát-ati   

 

64

fly

281

pleu-(k) rinnen, schweben’

P835

 

 

 

fljúga

fly

fo-luathar

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

plu(s)

 

(plávatē )

 

64

fly

282

leh1- ~pet ~lek- contam

P666 + 673

orphan

лет-ать

(lė̃kti)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

64

fly

283

s)rei-d ‘biegen,springen’

P937(L562)

orphan

 

skr(a)id-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

64

fly

284

gʷelh-ie/o ‘..., throw’ (?)

dV688;ewy-;(L208)

Branch orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

volare

< volo

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

64

fly

285

L < Rmc fluctulāre < Lat fluctuāre

Holm

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[flutúroj] L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

64

fly

286

Skt uḍḍayate

SV,ewy

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(St -)

 

 

 

uṛnā

46

foot   

290

pe/od- < pḗd-s, pṓd-s

P790

+W+E

 

pėda

fótr

fot

 

 

piede

pēs

 

πούς

πόδι

(v)ot-k’

pat-

B paiyye

pad

pād

pair

46

foot

291

step- ‘step’

P1013

seldom distinguished fr leg

ступня (стопа)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(tat)

 

 

 

 

 

46

foot

292

kok̑sā- ‘hip’

P611

branch orphan

 

 

 

 

(īs)cos

cos

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

46

foot

293

L <Lat camba

Holm

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[këmbë] L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

95

full 

300

pl̥h-nó-s   ‘full, t fill’

P798-D

+W+E

полный 

pìlnas

fullr

full

lān

lán

pieno

plēnus 

plotë

πλέος

 

li-k’ə

 

 

pərənō

pūrṇá

pūrṇa 

95

full

301

pref+mad- >μεστός ‘full’ ?

(P694)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

γεμάτος

 

 

 

 

 

 

95

full

302

souh/-(o)u-?

P1037 (?)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

su(w)u

 

 

 

 

95

full

303

L < ?

Adams no clear ety.

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ṣlyaṣṣe]

 

 

 

Lu +W+E

give 

310

dō- <deh- ‘~’

L105,P226

 

 да(вать)

dúo(s)ti

 

 

 

 

dare

(Aor da-shë)

δίδωμι 

δίνω

ta-l/m

 

wäs-

dadāiti

dá-dāti

denā

70

give

311

gʰebʰ- ‘fassen, geben’

L193;P407-9

 

 

 

gefa

gi

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

70

give

312

do +bher ‘carry’

P223+128

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

do-beir

tabhair

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

70

give

313

h1ep- ‘to grasp, reach’

L237

caus h1op-éi̯e-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(j)ap

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

70

give

314

au- < hai̯- (?); or to above?

L229; Kas

Kas:Ety unclear

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

p-ai  

 (ai-/āyu)?

 

 

 

97

good

[cf ‘big’]

320

e)suH- <hesu-s  ‘good, complete’

P1037,

P342,

 

 

 

 

(so-, su-L)

(so-)

 

 

 

ἐΰς

 

 

āššu

( kā-suA)??

(vaŋ)hu

(vá-)su

 

97

good

321

gʷerH-4 >gʷr̥Htos- 't welcome, praise'

(L210) P478

questionable

 

gẽras

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kartseB

 

 

 

97

good

322

L <Skyth, cf Oss χorz 'good‘

(P445?)Vasmer?

-meaning

[хороший] 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(hu-bađra)

(bhadrá)

 

97

good

323

ghedh- ‘fit, grown up’

P423

Branch orphans

 

 

góðr

god

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

97

good

324

ma-ti- <meh2-

P693

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

maith

maith

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

97

good

325

deu-2 ‘verehren’

P218

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

buono <

bonus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

97

good

326

meiH- ‘lieblich/mild’ or

L < Lat mīru(s)?

P711 ?

undecided

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mirë [L?]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

97

good

327

kal-i/u-2 ‘schön, gesund’ >hom κᾱλός 

P524

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

καλός

 

 

 

 

 

 

97

good

328

labh- ‘fassen > Beute > gut’

P652

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lav (bari)

 

 

 

 

 

97

good

329a

wē̆su- < hwe-su- ‘good’, {w-infix}

P1174

W+E, with –su

 

 

 

 

(fō)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(vásu)

 

97

good

329b

No ety; L < Drav.?

P-;SV-;ewy-

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[acchā]

97

good

329c

bhā̆d- ‘lucky’ & o

P106

-meaning

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(hu-bađra)

(bhadrá)

 

32

grease n (anat! 1955 fat=Ri)

330

pī-(mo,wo,tu) ‘milk-fat’ 

P793f

+W+E

-marked?

 

 

f(e)ita

[fett]  <Swe

íth 

 

(pingue adj)

(pingue)

 

(πῑ-αρ)

 

 

 

 

pīvah

pī́vas

 

32

grease, fat

331

unknown/ немає

 

Sla orphan

жир

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

332

teh₁w-k- >teu-ko- ‘Fett’

P1081 (Derksen)

Bal-Sla

 

taukas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

333

salted’ bacon

Lu

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

saill 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

334

L < Gre ἄλειφαρ >adeipar ??

P-

Branch loans

 

 

 

 

 

 

[adip|e]

[adeps] 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

335

dā-mu ‘fluid’

P175

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

dhjamë

δημός

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

336

leip-

P670-1

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

λίπους 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

337

L < Per. چربی (charbi)?

Mrt-;ewy-

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[č̣arp]

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

338

* sóg(´h)-n-ós; or rather L <?

Klo805 ‘oil, fat’

ceremonial word?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[sakan] L

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

339a

sélp(es)- ‘Butter, Öl’

P901,M/A97

-marked!

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

(gjalp)

-

 

 

 

ṣalyp(e)

 

(sarpís)

 

32

grease, fat

339b

L < Per. چربی (charbi)?

Mrt-;ewy-

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[carbī]

32

grease, fat

339c

s)meru- ‘t smear,   fat’ (ewS)  

P966,970

(devt meaning)

(smetana)

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

(μύρον)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

339d

not applicable

irrelevant

(devt meaning)

 

(riebelai)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

339e

not applicable

irrelevant

(false meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

(bealadh)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

339f

not applicable

irrelevant

(false meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

(ramhar)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

339g

not applicable

irrelevant

(devt meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

 

( grasso)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

339h

L <unknown source

Klo;Kas

n decidable”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(app-uzi)

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

339i

mad-t ~ masd ‘t fatten’  and s

irrelevant

(devt meaning)

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[talka] (Št)?

 

 

 

 

32

grease, fat

339j

ma(s)d-t ‘t fatten’

P694 ~L422

(false meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(mḗdas)

 

88

green [amb!

cf. yellow]

340

ĝhel(h)i-‘yellowish’?

P429

 +W+E

зелёный 

želiù/ žãlia-

 

 

glas 

glass

 

 

 

χλωρός 

 

 

 

 

Mh zairi

hárita

harā

88

green

341

ghreH-n ‘grow(ing)’

P440

Branch orphans

 

 

grønn

grønn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

88

green

342

weis-1 ‘sprießen’

P1133

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

verde

viridis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

88

green

343

L <Lat galbinus or gilvus

Holm

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[gjelbër]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

88

green

344

πράσον 'Lauch' >AGre πράσινος 'lauchgrün'

P846

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

πράσινος

 

 

 

 

 

 

88

green

345

L < ?

ewS, Mrt n ety

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[kanačʿ] ?

 

 

 

 

 

88

green

346

L <N-Cauc?

Kass35

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ḫāḫḫall-]  

 

 

 

 

88

green

347

L < ? no convincing

enw-; Adams

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[motartstse]  

 

 

 

37

hair

350

wol-to ‘wool, hair’

P1139

-marked?

волосы

 

 

 

folt

(folt)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

varəsa

 

bāl

37

hair

351

pleuk- ‘Flocke, Haar’

P837

Orphan

 

pláuka-s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(pula)?

 

37

hair

352

ƙer(s)

P583-1

Gmc

 

 

hár

hår

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

37

hair

353

gher- ‘drehen, winden’

Lucht: ? P389

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

gruaig(ul)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

37

hair

354

pi-lo ‘filt’ ~pu-lo ‘stiff hair’

P830

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

pelo

(pilus)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(pula)?

 

37

hair

355

caput-pilus

P830

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

(capelli ‘of head’)

capill|i

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

37

hair

356

L <MLat cyma or Gre κυ̃μα 

Holm

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[qime]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

37

hair

357

dhri-gh/kh- ‘Haar, Borste’

P276

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

τρίχες 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

37

hair

358

mel-4 >μᾱλλον ‚mehr‘ (Haare‘)?

(P720)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

μαλλιά

 

 

 

 

 

 

37

hair

359

L < MPer mwd ‘hair’

(ewyFarsi); Mrt-

cf. Toch.

 

(Lav mati)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[maz]

 

 

 

 

 

37

hair

359a

L < ?

Klo392;Kas36:iso.

prob Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[tetana-] L

 

 

 

 

37

hair

359b

cf. MPer mwd ‘hair’

(ewyFarsi);ewS-;Ad~

Orphan

 

(Lav mati)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B matsi

 

 

 

37

hair

359c

kaiƙ/s ‘hair, comb’

P520

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(caesaries)

 

 

 

 

 

(śākuA)

(gaića)

kéśa-

(keś)

37

hair

359d

not applicable

irrelevant

(devt meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(gaona-)

 

 

48

hand  

360

ĝhes-r̥

P447

 (‘hand’ only E)

-

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

dorë

χείρ

χέρι

dseṙ-k/n 

kessar

(t)sar

zasta

hásta  

hāth

48

hand

361

wer-k-3F- ‘winden, gekrümmt’

P1155

Bal-Sla

рука  =

ranka

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

48

hand

362

hinþan- ‘reach’ incomplete! Thus <Substr <Uralic ket ‘hand’

Kro;

Schri, Holm

Branch orphans

 

 

hǫnd 

[hånd]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

48

hand

364

pl̥H-mā

P805

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

lám

lámh

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(kará)

 

48

hand

363

meHr, mHnόs, dV:mon-u-

P740-1, dV363

Branch orphans

?

 

 

 

 

 

mano

manus

[marr ‘take’]

(μάρη)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

38

head(anat)

370

ƙórs- < ƙr̥(ḗ)h(s-)  head, upper part, horn’ 

P574

only E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(cerebrum)

(krye t s)

 

 

 

 

 

sarah-

śíras

 [sar]

(Per>L)

38

head

371

kap-ut/elo-

P529f

W form,(Lu?)

 

 

hǫfuð

hode

 

 

 

caput

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(kapā́la ‘Hirnschale’)

 

38

head

372

ghebh-elo (ewS)

P423

E form

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

κεφαλή

κεφάλι

 

 

( A śpāl )

 

 

 

38

head

373

gal-1 >ghōlu-ko-?

P340-1; 350?

questionable

golová 

galva

 

 

 

 

 

(calva)

 

 

 

glux

 

 

 

 

 

38

head

374

L < ?

pGoid k(w)enno-m

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

[cenn]

[ceann]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

38

head

375

teƙÞ-ta >testa ‘Schale, Scherbe’ >‘Hirnschale’

P1058

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

testa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

38

head

376

L <Vlat coccum ‘berry’

Holm

(anatomical)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[kokë]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

38

head

377

hers-r ‘Gipfel’

[P326-9?]

cf Nussbaum!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

haršar 

 

 

 

 

38

head

378

h2esteh₁-s/n ‘bone’?

Adams; ewy-

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[B āśce]?

 

 

 

58

hear (v)

380

ƙlew-(s) ‘hören’

L334f,P605-1

Lu +W+E

slušat

 

 

 

ro-cluine-thar

cluin

 

(inclutus)

 

(κλῦθι!)

 

lse-l

 

B klyaus-

surunaoiti

śr̥ṇṓti 

sunnā

58

hear

381

s)keu-1

P587

 

 

 

heyra

høre

 

 

 

 

 

ἀκούω

ακούω

 

 

 

 

 

 

58

hear

382

g(w)erdh- ‚hören, tönen‘

L187,P478

orphan

 

girdėti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

58

hear

383

au-8 <h₂weys- ‘hören’

L288;P78

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

udire

audio 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

58

hear

384

L < Lat intelligere

Holm

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[dëgjoj]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

58

hear

385

stéh-mn

(P 1035)

meaning change

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

istamass

 

(guš)

 

 

52

heart 

390

ƙḗrd-

P579

+W+E

serdce

širdìs

hjarta

hjerte

cride

croi

cuore

cor

 

καρδίᾱ 

καρδιά

sirt

kard

 

zǝrǝđaiia-

hŕ̥d-

 

52

heart

391

gu̯hen- ‘t beat’

L218;Holm

Verbalnomen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

zemër

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

52

heart

392

h2eh2(e)ri- (??)

Adams

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

arañce

 

 

 

52

heart

393

L <Per. del ‘id’

SV =ewy

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[dil]

34

horn (anim.)

[cf head] 

400

ƙer-(eu-)

P574

(Lu~) +W+E

 

 

horn

horn

 

 

corno

cornū

 

κέρας

κέρατο

 

karāwar

B krorīya

srū

śṛ́ṅga  

sī̃g

34

horn

401

here : reĝ/g-?

(P854)

Bal-Sla

rog  =

rãgas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

34

horn

402

L < ? (Basque adar?)

Lu

Branch orphan

 

 

 

 

[adarc]L

[adharc]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

34

horn

403

bhren-to- ‘antlers’

P168 > Holm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

bri-ri 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

34

horn

404

unknoen: L < ?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[eġǰewr]

 

 

 

 

 

93

hot (vs. cold; 1952: warm) [amb]

410

gwher-(mo) warm, hot’ (<ĝwer- ‘glow’)

P493 <P479?

Lu +W+E

žarkij

 

(varmr)

 

 

 

 

(fornus??)

nxehtë 

θερμός 

 

(ǰerm)

 

 

garǝma

(gharma)

[garm]

93

hot

411

tep- ‘hot (warm)’ 

P1069

meaning?

(toplъ)

 

 

 

te

 

(tepidus)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(tāpaiti )

(tap)

 

93

hot

412

here: ker-3 ‘burn’

P572

orphan

 

karštas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

93

hot

413

kehy-t-  ‘heat’

519

Branch orphans

 

 

heitr

[het]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

93

hot

414

ƙel-1 2 ‘warm’

P551

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

caldo

calidus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

93

hot

415

h1ews- >eus- ‘burn’

L245,P347

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ζεστός 

 

 

 

 

 

 

93

hot

416

uncertain

ewy

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tak’

 

 

 

 

 

93

hot

417

ai- < hay-²? ‘be warm’

L229,P11,68

Hit only!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a(i)-ant 

 

 

 

 

93

hot

418

h₁n̥-ml̥-(y)o-; cf. Icel. molla '(be) hot'?? or

L < ?

Adams not conv.;

Mal-

Icl word without ety. not sufft.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[B emalle]

 

 

 

93

hot

419

h1)ews- ‘to burn’

 P347

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

uṣṇá-

 

01

I (PrsPrn 1Sg) 

420

(h)o(m)- <h(h)-o(m)

P291

+W+E

ja

àš

ek

jeg

 

 

io

ego

unë(?)

ἔγω

εγώ

(j)es

uk

ñäśB  (?)

azǝm

ahám  

 

01

I (PPr)

421

mē (obl)

P702

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

maĩ

62

kill  v (cf die!) (Ri-L

430

gwhen- ‘beat, (kill only E)’

L218,P491

Lu (+W)+E

-

-

 

 

( gon-)

 

 

 

 

(θεν-

ἔπεφνον)

 

 njem)

kuen-

-

jainti

hán-ti

 

62

kill

431

mer(h)- ‘die, kill’

(L439,440),P735

 

 

 

 

 

(marbaid)

maraigh

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(marək- )

 

māraṇ

62

kill

432

here: bhiH-

P117

Orphan

у-бить 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(interficio)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

62

kill

433

ĝʰeu-d- ‘umkommen’?

P448?, L-

orphan

 

žudyti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

62

kill

434

dʰreb- ‘stoßen, treffen’ (?)

L153, P272-3

Branch orphans

 

 

drepa

drepe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

62

kill

435

per(g)?,

(or h3erg- ?)

P819; L-;

P473; L 301

Orphan

 

 

 

 

orcaid

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ehar-, harkanem)

 

 

 

 

 

62

kill

436

kh₂eyd- ‚schlagen’ >ob-caedo-

(L360),P917

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

uccidere

(occīdere)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

62

kill

437

neƙ- ‘t perish’ (?)

P762;M/A98

meaning??

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

necare

 

 

 

 

 

(nkäṣ)

 

 

 

62

kill

438

L <SSlav ~u-rasiti

Holm (P1181)

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[vras]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

62

kill

439a

tƙen- ‘beat’

L645;P626 fehlt

meaning??

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

κτείνω

σκοτώνω 

 

 

 

 

 

 

62

kill

439b

L < “unknown origin”

ewy-; Mrt no entry!

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[span-el]

 

 

 

 

 

62

kill

439c

kā/əu <kehw-2 ‘schlag-, spalt-’

L345,P535

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kau-(ṣäṃ)B 

 

 

 

62

kill

439d

(to murder’)

irrelevant

Orphan

 

(užmùšti)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

47

knee (bodypt)

440

ĝénu-/ĝónu-

P380

+W+E

 

 

kné

kne

glún

glúin

ginocchio

genū

gjuri

γόνα/υ

γόνατο

cunk’

genu

B keni

žnū-m

jā́nu 

 

47

knee

441

here: (s)kel-1 ‘to bow’

P928

 

колено 

kẽlis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

47

knee

442

L <San. <Dravidian

SV454

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ghuṭnā]

59

know (facts)

                

450

weyd- ‘t behold, notice’ (abstract?)

L665,P1125

(Lu-!) +W+E

(věditi)

(veidmi)

vita

vite

ro-fitir 

tá a fhios ag

 

(vid-)

 

οἶδα

 

gite-m

find’

 

 

vaēđa,vid

véda

 

59

know

451

ĝ(e)nē/ō- <ĝne(i)h3recognize, know?

L168,P376

meaning

знать 

žinóti

 

 

 

 

(conoscere)

(g)nōscō

(njoh)

(ἀγνοέω, γιγνώσκω)

 

(cancay)

kaness

(knā(n)A

(xšnā ‘recogn’))

(jñā )

jān-

59

know

452

seh₁p- ‘wahrnehmen’

L519;P880

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

sapere

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59

know

453

sekH- <skh-i-‘abtrennen’

L524;P895-6; dV545; Kas45

orphan

(Hit polysem.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

scio

 

 

 

 

(sākk-)

 

 

 

 

59

know

454

dhei̯H- ‘see, regard’

L141,P243

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59

know

455

wreh₁- ‘find’ >(ἐξ)-ευρίσκω

L698,P1160

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ξέρω

 

 

 

 

 

 

59

know vi

456

s)ker- ‘to cut’

P938-45

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B kärs-

 

 

 

59

know

457

irrelevant

irrelevant

(devt meaning)

 

(pa-žì)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59

know

458

Mrt no ety

P727 ??

(devt meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(imanal)

 

 

 

 

 

25

leaf

(of plant) 

460

bhel-4 <bʰleh- ‘leaf, blossom’;

P122-4

+W+E

 

 

(blað)

blad

 

 

foglia

folium

 

φύλλον

φύλλο

 

 

B pilta

 

 

 

25

leaf

461

L <Scythian? cf oInd r/liśati ‘pluck’ <h₁reiyƙ- ‘reißen’

(L504)

Bal-Sla =substratum

[лист]

(laĩškas)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25

leaf

462

leup/bʰ- ‘abreißen’; or

leh₁p- ‘flach’

P690;

P679

debatable

 

P lapas

lauf

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25

leaf

463

<dʰol-yom <dʰol- 'blühen, grün'

P234; not L132

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

duille

duille

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25

leaf

464

gwos-d- ‘foliage, branches’

P480

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 gjethe

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25

leaf

465

1. pter- <pet ‘fly’?? 

2. L <cSyriac ṭarpā ‘id.’

1. Mrt.false “t’er-“

2.ewy w Refs

1. not conv.;

2.Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 [terew]

 

 

 

 

 

25

leaf

466

L <? ‘leaf, foliage’

Kas46;Klo645

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 parstu- 16

 

 

 

 

25

leaf

467

wel- ‘rupfen’ ? (cf bhel-)

(P1139)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Y varəka-

 

 

25

leaf

468

foliage’?

Mh II-103 no ety

Orphan

(бӕлас)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[palāśa]

 

25

leaf

469a

pet-2 ‘fall down, fly’ >feather (of tree) ?

P826(5)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(páttra)>

pattā

25

leaf

469b

pinion, feather >leaf’

ewy

(devt meaning)?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(parna)>

(paṇṇa)

25

leaf

469c

hu̯erb- ‘twig’ ?

HVB8.56a; (P1153-3B)

(devt. meaning)?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(hurpašta-)

 

 

 

 

67

lie (recline,

rest)

470

legh-, vt>i

L398,P658

+W+E

ležatь

 

liggja

ligge

laigid

luigh- 

 

(Fl: lecet)

 

(λέκτο)

 

 

(lagari, Pok alone)

B ly-äk

 

 

 

67

lie

471

ƙei- ‘lie, home’ ?

L320,P539; Kas47

-only E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

κεῖμαι

 

 

ki-

 

saēte

śay, śḗtē

 

67

lie

472

gol-1 ‘to lie’ vi!

P402

Orphan

 

gulėti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

67

lie

473

ye-k- ‘speak, beg, joke,  ’ ? uncertain

(P502,3)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

giacere

iaceo

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

67

lie

474

sterh3-, pres str̥-né

L599

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

shtrihem

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

67

lie

475

Unknown

ewy-; fwy-

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ξαπλώνω

 

 

 

 

 

 

67

lie

476

No ety L < ?

ewy, Mat

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[paṙkel]

 

 

 

 

 

67

lie

477

leh-d- ‘lassen’ (?) >San leṭyā

L400:P666

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

leṭnā

67

lie

478

keu-b < ?ƙeubh ‘rest’

L357?,P5902

(dvt meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(cubō)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53

liver

480

yḗkw-r̥(t-) < (H)yḗkw-r̥- 

P504

+W+E

 

(yeknā)

 

 

 

 

 

iecur

 

ἧπαρ

 

leard, lyard

 

 

yākarǝ

yákr̥t   

yakṛt

53

liver

481

pekw- ‘t cook, bake’ metathesis

(P798)

Bal-Sla

печень 

kẽpenys

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53

liver

482

leip-¹ ‘m Fett be-schmieren’ ?

P670(504) ?

Branch orphans

(Nostratic?)

 

 

lifr

lever

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53

liver

483

L < ?

LU: unknown substrate

Branch loans

 

 

 

 

[áe] L

[ae] L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53

liver

484

ficus ‘Feige’ > iecur fīcātum 'fig-stuffed liver'

P504

L-Prägung <Gr.

 

 

 

 

 

 

fegato

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53

liver

485

L < Got milt; via Itn milzi?

Holm

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[mëlçi]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53

liver

486

σύκον ‘fig’

ewy

calque of Lat. ficatum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

συκώτι

 

 

 

 

 

 

53

liver

487

L< Hattian

Klo 525

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[lessi] L

 

 

 

 

53

liver

488

udero > udstṛyo-

P1104;Adams

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B wästarye

 

 

 

14

long  

490

del-5 < (d)l̥hnghó-s

P196,7

+W+E

dlinnyj

ilg-a

langr

lang

 

 

lungo

longus

gjatë

δολιχός

 

 

taluki

 

darǝga

dīrghá

(dīrghá)

14

long

491

wozdh-

P1113

 

 

 

 

 

fota

fada

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

14

long

492

mhḱrós ‘lang, dünn’

P699

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

μακρύς 

 

 

 

 

 

 

14

long

493

deu-3 ‘to advance, extend’ <dwehro-

P219-20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(j)erkar(in)

 

 

 

 

 

14

long

494

bʰṛĝʰ-ró

P140f

E; meaning

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(barjr ‚tall‘)

(parkus ‘tall’)

B pärkare 

(bərəzant ‘tall’)

(bṛhant)

 

14

long

495

le(m)b- ‘harabhängen’ >Sanlamba +kaḥ ‘long’

(P655-660)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

lambā

22

louse [Ri

only i list]

500

lū̆-s-

P692

+W+E

вошь  (Луиш bio)

utė̃-lė

lús

lus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(luwa)

St,Ri - na

yūkā

jū̃

22

louse

501

L ><Bas sorri? or vv

 

Orphan

 

 

 

 

[sar]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22

louse

502

mēlo- ‘kleines Tier’

Lucht: P724

Orphan

 

 

 

 

(míl étgudo)

míol

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22

louse

503

pezd- ‘stinken’

P829

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

pidocchio

pēdi(culu)s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22

louse

504

merh2- ‘zerdrücken, to squeeze’

L440

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

morri

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22

louse

505

dhghe-r-

P487

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

φθείρ

ψείρα

 

 

 

 

 

 

22

louse

506

ereƙ/gh- ‘Laus’

P335

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pok(ergjiz)

 

 

(v)oǰil

 

 

 

 

 

22

louse

507

Gap

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

 

22

louse

508

L < ?

 

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[B pärśeri]

 

 

 

22

louse

509a

špeža (Mper), no further ety

BH,Bla, not Skj

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spiš-

 

 

22

louse

509b

knid; cf. Gmn. Nisse*

irrelevant

 

 

 

 

 

 

(cnis)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

17

man (adult male human) cf person

510

a)ner- <hnḗr-1 

P765-1

only E?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Osc:nerum)

(njeri)

ἀνήρ

άνδρας

(P: air)

 

 

nar

nár

nar

17

man

511

wī̆ro-s- ‘power, hero, warrior’

P1177

only W?

 

výras

(verr)

 

fer

fear 

 

vir 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(vīra)

(vīrá)

 

17

man

512

manu-s ‘man’; perhaps <dhéĝhom- (P:ĝhðe/om-) 

P700;

(P415)

meaning!

mužčina

 

 

mann

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(mánu-)

 

17

man

513

ĝerH- ‘grown-up’

P391

Orphan

 

 

karl

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

17

man

515

dhéĝhom- (P:ĝhðe/om-) 

P415

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

uomo

(homo)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

17

man

516

bhu̯eh2- ‘to be/ dwell’

Holm <L98

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

būrrë 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

17

man

517

tġa ‘boy’ <Syriac

+mr̥tó-s

ewy w sources

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tġamard

 

 

 

 

 

17

man

518

pes, peisnis?

P796,824-3; Kas51

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pesan

 

 

 

 

17

man

519a

neƙ- ‘umkommen, ver-schwinden’ >’Vergänglicher’

L451,P762

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B eṅkwe

 

 

 

17

man

519b

Not Applicable

irrelevant

(devt meanings)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(mašya)

 

 

17

man

519c

Not Applicable

irrelevant

(devt meanings)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ādmī]

10

many n [NOT: full, big, much]

520

pelu-D <pelh1,3- ‘much’

P800-D

+W+E

 

 

(fjǫl)

 

il-

a lán 

 

(plēnus)

 

πολύί

πολ-ι

 

 

 

paru

purú

 

10

many (plural!)

521

meH-4more’ > mHen(gh)- ‘plenty’

P704-4

>P730

-meaning

многие 

 

margir

mange

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

many

522

meĝ(h)-big’

P708 etc.

(cf “big”)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(μέγας)

 

 

mēkki 24

māk(a) 24

(māk-)

(máhi)

 

10

many

523

dheugh- ‘to give much’

P271 etc.

Orphan

 

daũg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

many

524

mel-4 ‘groß’

P720 etc.

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

molti

multi

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

many

525

L <Lat summu(s)

Holm Alb

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[shūmë]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

many

526

L < ?

(Pok,VP, Mrd)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[šat]

 

 

 

 

 

10

many

527

bhn̥ĝh-u- ‘thick, dense’

P127

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(bahú)

bahut

73

moon 

530

mē-(nōt) ‘Mond’

P731f

+W+E

 

mė́nulis

máni

måne

 

 

 

 

 

(μήνη)

 

 

 

mañ;meñe

 

mā̊(ŋha-)

mā́s

 

73

moon

531

leuk- ‘to shine’

P687-9,=L

cf gre white

лунá

 

 

 

 

 

luna

lūna

 

 

 

lusin

 

 

 

 

 

73

moon

532

s)kand- ‘Mond, ‘leuchten’

P526

-marked

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hënë

 

 

 

 

 

 

(candrá-)

cā̃d, chānd

73

moon

533

peig ‘Flecken habend’?

P794-1

orphan

 

 

 

 

ésca

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

73

moon

534

ǵʰelh- 'to shine'; or

gel- ‘id’

P429;

P366; not L-

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

gealach

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

73

moon

535

swel- ‘schwelen’ > σέλας (selas) “light, glow”

P1045-2 (?)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

σελήνη

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

73

moon

536

sbʰeng- ‘glänzen’ >AGre φέγγος 'moonlight' >φεγγάριον{Dim} >φεγγάριν

P989-90;

L512

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

φεγγάρι 

 

 

 

 

 

 

73

moon

537

h(o)r-mo-? unclear

Klo206;Kas

Branch orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

arma

 

 

 

 

86

mountain [not universal, amb] 

540

gwerH-3

P477-3

+W+E

гора

(nugarà)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(gur)

(δειρός)

 

 

 

 

gairi-

girí

 

86

mountain

541

kel-1, kl̥n-is ‘Hügel’; (~ƙloi-?)

P544-1

-meaning?

 

kálna-s

 

 

 

 

 

(collis)

 

(κολωνός)

 

le(a)ṙ(n)?

 (kalm-ara)??

 

 

 

 

86

mountain

542

perli-s ‘Fels/rock’

P807

Branch orphans

 

 

fjall

fjell

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

86

mountain

543

s)lei-bos  ‘cliff’

P363,663,960

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

slíab

sliabh

 

 

 

 

 

(sar ‘summit’)

 

 

 

 

 

86

mountain

544

men-1 emerge’ >mn̥-t-

P726-1

only Ke-It

 

 

 

 

(moned)

-

montagna

mōns

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

86

mountain

545

mel-8 ~mol ‘elevation’

P721-8,725

seldom

 

 

 

 

(mell)

-

 

 

mal-i

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

86

mountain

546

h3er- ‘to (a)rise’

Oet;P328

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ὄρος

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

86

mountain

547

bh(e)u: ‘to blow up’

P98?

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

βουνό

 

 

 

 

 

 

86

mountain

548

Gap

All sources

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

 

86

mountain

549

L < ?

Adams: no convincing

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[B ṣale]

 

 

 

86

mountain

549

pér-ur/un >San parvata

hi.wiki!ewy~; (Klo)

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

(peru-n ‘rock’)

 

(paurvat-)

(parvata)

parvat

86

mountain

549

meaning ‘rock’ (!)

Not hi.wiki!

(dvt meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(pahāṛ)

42

mouth 

550

ōws-(t)- <h1eh3-os- ‘mouth, estuary’

P784-1

+W+E

(usta)

(austo)

 

 

 

 

 

ōs

 

 

 

 

á(y)is 

 

āh/åñh/åŋh-ânô

ā́s 

 

42

mouth

551

wer-6 ‘schwören’;cf OCSl rota ‘Eid’

(P1162)

orphan

рот 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

42

mouth

552

bher-3 ‘pierce’ +ug

P134,145?

 

 

burnà

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

beran

 

 

 

 

 

42

mouth

553

menth-2 ‘kauen; Mund’

P732-3 2

Branch orphans

 

 

munnr

munn

 

 

 

(mentum)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

42

mouth

554

gʷet- ‘lip, mouth’

P480/481

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

bél(ā)

béal

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

42

mouth

555

L < ? “motivi discussi”

Cor226;dV76Sub

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

[bocca]L3<

(bucca)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

42

mouth

556

L <Lat gula

Holm

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[gōjë] L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

42

mouth

557

stomn

P1035

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

στόμα

στόμα

 

 

 

 

 

 

42

mouth

558

ĝ/gʰan- ‘klaffend öffnen’

(L193,P411)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

koy(n)

 

 

 

42

mouth

559

L < PDrav. mujt?

(P751)

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(mukha)

[mũh]

45

nail of digits

(not followg Sw’ change to ‘claw’)

560

onogʰ- <h(e)nogh- ‘nail, claw’)

P780 etc.

+W+E

meaning?

nogotь

nãgas

nagl

negl

ingen

ionga 

unghia

unguis 

-

ὄνυξ

νύχι (+)

eġung

sankuwāi 

mekwa

(I-I nakh-

nur Per)

nakh 

nakh

45

nail(s) (claw)

561

kent- ‘stechen’ ?

P567 ?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

thua (çapua)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

45

nail(s) (claw)

562

ƙer-eu

BH (P574)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 BH: srū-

 

 

45

nail(s) (claw)

563

Not applicable L < Ira?

irrelevant

(devt meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 [čank]?

 

 

 

 

[changul]-

100

name [uninf]

570

enómṇ- <hnéh-mn̥ ‘name’

P321 etc.

+W+E

имя 

(emnes)

nafn

[navn]

ainmm 

ainm

nome

nōmen

émër 

ὄνομα

όνομα

anun

lāman

ñem

nāma(n)

nā́man 

nām

100

name

571

wer-6 ‘to speak’

P1163

orphan

 

vardas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

50

neck (not nape)

[difficult]

580

mon-o/i-

neck, nape?’

P747

 weak

 

 

 

 

(muiné)

muineál

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

manaoʮrī

(mányā ),

manaoθrī

 

50

neck

581

 kwol-so- <‘turn’, seldom ‘neck’

P639

(<L386)

only West

 

kãklas

hals

hals

 

 

collo

collum

 

 

 

 

 

[ś-?]

 

 

 

50

neck

582

skabh- ‘to prop up’?; or

s)k(h)ai- ‘beat’?

(ru: P916;

917?)

questionable

шея

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(zverk-)

 

 

 

 

 

St: griva?

(garǝman)

(grīvā́ )

 

50

neck

583

gwriH-ueh ‘throat’

P474

meaning?

 

 

 

 

brá(i)g(a)e

(braid)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UT barəša-

 

 

50

neck

584

L <Balkan-Trk kafa ‘back of head’ <Arb qabba ‘collar’

Holm Alb

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[qafë]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

50

neck

585

anĝh- ‘narrow’

P42-3

only Balkan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

αὐχήν

 

viz

 

 

 

 

 

50

neck

586

lem-2 ‘Schlund’?

(P675)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

λαιμός

 

 

 

 

 

 

50

neck

588

geut ‘Kehle, Hals’?

P394!; Kas58-

Nacken!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ku(wa)ttar

 

 

 

 

50

neck

589a

ƙṛhs-ní-yom- ‘top of head’

P575=Adams

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

krāñi

 

 

 

50

neck

589b

L < Per. گردن (gardan) ‘id’; cf. ave. garəman

SV392, ewy;

P474

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[gardan]

 

96

new  

590

néwo- >new-yo-

P769 etc.

+W+E

новый 

naũjas

nýr

ny

nūë, núa

nua

nuovo

novus

 

νέ(F)ος

 

nor

nēwa

ñu-(we)

nava

náva

nayā

96

new

591

h1ere(i)- ‘freshly coming in motion’

Holm: P330

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

i ri

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

96

new

592

ken-3, kn̥-yós ‘frisch hervorkommen’

P563-4

(devt meanings in Ind-Ira)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

καιν(ούργι)ος

 

 

 

 

 

 

92

night 

600

nó/ekw-t- <néh3kwt- (ori ‘dawn/afterglow’?)

P762

+W+E

ночь 

naktìs

nótt

natt

?(nocht )

 

notte

nox 

nātë

νύξ

νύχτα

 

(nekuz ‘dawn/afterglow’)

(naktim)

 

(nákt)

 

92

night

601

kwsep- ‘dark’

P649; Kas60

E only

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 išpant

 

xšap

kṣáp

 

92

night

602

(y)adak§ ‘die
 Schwarze’ (?)

Lucht -

Orphan

 

 

 

 

adaig

[L?]

>oíche

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

92

night

603

wekwsperos- ‘evening’

P1173

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

gišer

 

 

 

 

 

92

night

604

wes-1 <hwes- ‘stay, remain (the night)’

Adams (L293)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B yṣīye 

 

 

 

92

night

605

rē-5 ‘dunkel’ *lā-2 ‘hidden’

P853 >651

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ψέφος)

 

 

 

 

 

 

rāt

41

nose  

610

nā̆s- <Hneh-es-? hénhos-??

P755;

MBr:

+W+E

нос 

nósis

(nǫs, nasar)

[nese]<da

 

 

 

naso

nāsus,

nāris

 

 

 

 

 

 

nāh

nā́s-

nāk

41

nose

611

nebʰ-² ‘bersten’??

(L448)

PGmc (s)nab-

 

 

nef

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

41

nose

612

spren- ‘spüren/ Sporn’

P992

Branch orphan

 

 

 

 

srón

=srón

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

41

nose

613

(s)keu̯-

Holm <P951

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hūndë

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

41

nose

614

ser-1

P909-10

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ῥίς [L?]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

41

nose

615

mu-t- (cf Lit mùtė ‚Maul‘ ?)

(P751)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

μύτη

 

 

 

 

 

 

41

nose

616

L <Khinalug кӏыт-ы́р ?

ewy w ref; Mrt.-

Loan <>Cau.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ k’itʽ ] 

 

 

 

 

 

41

nose

617

L < ? “obscure”

Kas61-; Klo-

Loan ?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ titita ] L

 

 

 

 

41

nose

618

mel- ‘Erhöhung’ (against Adams: “unlikely”)

(P721)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

meli 

 

 

 

08

not (‘comparable’) 

620

ne-1 ( ku̯o)

P756-1 etc.

+W+E

не

nè, ni

ne

 

, na[ch]

non

nōn,nĕ-

nūk

(νε-)

 

-

na-tta

(a(n/m)-)

na(ēda)

nahī̃

08

not

621

eitt- (‘one’{neuter})+ki (neg suffix); L < Dan

Kus (P284-6)

Orphan

 

 

 

[ikke]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

08

not

622

*ne) hoyu kʷid, 'not what ever'

ewy w refs; Mrt

debated

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

οὐ(κ)

 

(vo)č-

 

 

 

 

 

08

not

623

οὐ-δέν

(P1164)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

δεν

 

 

 

 

 

 

08

not

624

mē-1

P703

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(mos)

 

(μη(ν)

(mi)

 

AB mā-

(mā-)

(mā-)

 

11

one (numeral) 

630

oi-nos- < héy-nos [?] ‘single’

P284-6

+W+E

один

víena-

einn

en

ōen

(a h)aon

uno

oinos

 

(οἶνη)

 

 

[ai-ka = L < Mit]

 

aēva

éka

ek

11

one

631

sem-2 < s(ḗ)mih- (rather ‘unified’)

P902

-meaning, -distr

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

(semper)

një

εἷς

ένα(ς)

mi, mēk

(ēs?)

sasA, seB

 

 

 

11

one

632

so, si

Goe; Shields

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

šiya

?”

 

 

 

85

path, road, (not street)  [amb]

640

pn̥t-h- ‘path, bridge’

P808

+W+E

(ппть)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(pons)

 

 

 

 

 

 

pantā̊

pánthā 

 

85

path

641

i-tā-r < hey- ‘go, way’

P294f; etc.

>PCel bow-itro

 

 

 

 

 

bóthar

 

(iter)?

 

 

 

 

itar

ytār {f} 

 

 

 

85

path

642

weg̑h- ‘to draw, drive’

P1119

 

-

-

vegr

vei

 

 

 

 

ūdhë 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

85

path

643

dheragh- ‘to draw along’

P257

Orphan

доро-га 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

85

path

644

kel-5-eu ‘path’

P548->554

Orphan

 

kẽlias

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

85

path

645

sent-u

Lu: P908

Orphan

 

 

 

 

sét

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

85

path

646

weyh/wī-3 ‘Weg, Reihe’

deVaan:P1123-4

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

via

via

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

85

path

647

sed- ‘gehen’

p884-7 B

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ὁδός

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

85

path

648

der-/drem- ‘Lauf’

P204

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

δρόμος

 

 

 

 

 

 

85

path

649

L < Ira *čarana-parθ <*per+tus

Mrt. no ety

Loan composition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[čanaparh]

 

 

(parθ-)

 

 

85

path

649a

ser-1’strömen, verfolgen’ >saraka (San) ‘line of road’

(P909) ewy

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

saṛak

85

path

649b

not applicable

irrelevant

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(pal-sa-)

 

 

 

 

18

person (human individual; cf man   

650

manus-

P700

+W+E

(muž ‘man’)

 

maðr

menns-ke

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mašya

mánu-s

(manushya)

18

person

651

dhĝhém-on- (West)

P414-5

earthen’

 

žmōgù-s

(gumi)

 

duine

duine

uomo

homō

 

 

 

 

 

 

(tēkan)

 

 

18

person

652

s)kwel- ‘crowd, people’+weyk (?)

Der:P640, P38-3 

Orphan

чело-век 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(kulam)

 

18

person

653

a)ner- <h2ner-1 ‘Mann’ 

P765 (L267)

meaning change against ‘MAN’

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

njeríu

 

 

anj 

 

 

 

 

 

18

person

654

andher- ‘stopplig’ +ops ‘Gesicht’

P41

man’ person

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ἄνθρωπος

άνθρωπος

 

 

 

 

 

 

18

person

655

hn-dhuéh-; & s

P640, P38-3 

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

antuwaḫḫas

 

 

 

 

18

person

656

gwyeh₃- ‘leben’ +mo

Adams: (L215;P467-9)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B śaumo 

 

 

 

18

person

657

vyakt (San), no ety

na

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

vyakti

18

person

658

mer(H)- ‘t die’

P735

only E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(μορτός?)

 

mard

-

 

(maša)

(márta)

 

18

person

659

Not applicable

na

(semantics)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(fravaši-)

 

 

76

rain n

660

a)wer(s)-9c4 < h(e)wér-; ~next s-mob? >

P80-1-9c4

+W+E

 

 

(ūr )?

 

 

 

 

 

(vrëndë)

 

 

 

 

 

vāra

varṣá

bāriś

76

rain

661

seu-<sew(H)-

L545,P912

only E

 

(oPr: suge,sūjē)

 

 

 

 

 

 

shī 

(ὑετός ‘shower’)

 

 

 

 sweseB

 

 

 

76

rain

662

dus- ‘bad’

P227

Orphan

дождь 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

76

rain

663

lei- ‘gießen, fließen, tröpfeln’

P664 f

Orphan

 

lietù-s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

76

rain

664

(H)reĝ- ? >PGmc regna-

P857,?498

Branch orphan

 

 

regn

regn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

76

rain

665

bher-2 ?

P132

Orphan

 

 

 

 

bráen

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

76

rain

666

a)u r- ‘water, rain,’; or

feraid (Oiri) ‘grant, supply’

(Lu? P80f)

< mIr ferthain ‘give,pouring’

 

 

 

 

 

(N) fear-thainn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

76

rain

667

plew- ‘waschen’

P835-7

Branch orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

pioggia

pluvia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

76

rain

668

meregh

P738

Branch orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

βροχή

βροχή

 

 

 

 

 

 

76

rain

669

L < ?

ewy: unknown; Mrt-

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[anjrew]

 

 

 

 

 

76

rain

669

h2eih-(e)u-

Klo340;Kas65

 looks archaic”

Vart. of awer?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ḫē(y)u-

 

 

 

 

87

red  

670

reudh- < (h)rewdh-ró- ‘red’

P872

Lu  +W+E

 

raũd(on)as

rauðr

[rød]

(rūad)

 

rosso

ruber

 

ἐρυθρός

 

 

 

ratreB

raoiđita

rudhirá

lal (?)

87

red

671

krās <kreh₂s-3-s- ‘Glut’

P572

Orphan

красный 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

87

red

672

dher-g(h)-o ‘murky, dirty’

Lu: P251

Branch orphan

 

 

 

 

derg

dearg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

87

red

673

L <Vlat. coccu(m)

Holm Alb

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[kuq]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

87

red

674

L <?>Vlat. coccu(m)

ewy

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[κόκκινος]

 

 

 

 

 

 

87

red

675

L <Per.* karmīr

ewy

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[karmir]

 

 

 

 

 

87

red

676

L < ? ‘red wool’ (!)

Klo583; Kas

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[mit-]?

 

 

 

 

26

root

680

w(e)rād- < whrehd- ‘Zweig, Rute, Wurzel’

P1167

Lu  +W+E

-

-

rót

rot

frēn

fréamh

radice 

rādīx 

rrënjë

ῥίζα

ρίζα

-

(su?)

?witsakoB 

varšak

 

 

26

root

681

k(ʷ)or(H)-5-en- ? or L<?

(P573)

uncertain

корень 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

26

root

682

ƙak-2- branch, peg’

P523

Orphan

 

šaknì-s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

26

root

683

or/er-3 ‘t rise’

P326-3

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

arm-at

 

 

 

 

 

26

root

684

s-wer- ‘Pfahl’

P1050-3

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

surka,i

 

 

 

 

26

root

685

mū-lo ‘Wurzel, Pflanze’

 P750

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mū́la

 

26

root

686

ĝen-t ‘Ursprung’? >jaṭā (I-I)

P373 ff

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

jaṛ

98

round [amb,  

out of 22 in WP:]

690

s)ker-3egh- ‘bent, circular’

P935- 3

meaning?

круглый 

 

kringlóttr

 

cruin(n|d)

cruinn

 

(curvus)

 

(κίρκος)

 

 

 

 

P skarəna

 

 

98

round  ?

691

gel-1 ‘t cling > round object’; gHū-l

P357f-1

P396-d

(Lu~)

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

(globus)

 

 

 

klor 

 

 

 

(gula)

 

gol

98

round

692

wel-7 ‘to turn’

P1143(40)

Orphan

 

Kr: apvalùs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

98

round

693

L <Fre<Spa>Arb arobt?

Klu/Seeb

Branch orphans

 

 

 

[rund]

L

 

 

rotondo

rotundus

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

98

round

694

L <Gre  ῥύμβος ‘Kreisel/top, gyro’

Holm

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[rrumbull]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

98

round

695

strengʰ- ‘straff, beengt > drop’

P1037 (L604)

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

στρογγυλός

στρογγυλός

 

 

 

 

 

 

98

round

696

Gap

Klo-;Kas-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

 

98

round

697

Gap

Klo-;Kas-

 

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

98

round

698

ŭer- ‘t turn’)

P1156f

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

vartula

 

98

round

699

Not applicable

irrelevant

(semantics)

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

(vorsus)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

98

round

699

Not applicable

irrelevant

(semantics)

 

 

 

 

-

-

 

 

 

 

 

(Ri bolorak?)

 

 

 

 

 

78

sand (as opp.

to earth) 

700

bhes-1 crush(ed)’;  ~ iconic w followg

P145-1

E; Itc debated

 

 

 

 

 

 

sabbia

(sabulum ‘grober S’)

 

ψάμμος

άμμος

av-az

 

 

 

 

 

78

sand  ?

701

pēs-2 ‘sand’

P824 2

??

песок 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pąsnu-(Mh) 

(pām̐sú)

 

78

sand

702

er-4,5 <h1er- ?

P326f

P332-4,5

cf earth!

 

 

 

 

 

 

(rena)

(h)arēna

rërë  [L?]

 

 

 

 

(below?)

 

 

ret

78

sand

703

mel-1 ‘to grind’

P717

W?

 

smė̃lis

 

(cf got malma)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

78

sand

704

?samh̥xdhos

M/A

[L<Uralic?]

 

 

sandr 

sand 

 

 

(= sabbia ?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

78

sand

705

L <unknown source

Lucht; ewy-

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

[gainem]

[gaineamh]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

78

sand

706

Gap

no source

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

 

78

sand

707

speculative

(Adams)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B warañce

 

(vāluka-)

 

78

sand

708

ƙik-2 ‘fein(er Regen)’; cf ƙiƙer- ‘pea’

Lub (P598) ?

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

síkatā

 

71

say [undeci

dable!]  

710

sekw-2 ‘say’ (cf next)

L526 2,P897

Lu! +W+E

 

(pa)sakýti

segja

si

 

 

 

(-sequ)

 

(ἐνέπω)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

71

say

711

wekw- ‘say’ 

L673,P1135

(only E)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(voco)

 

(εἶπον)

 

 

 

B we

vak

vákti

 

71

say

712

kwe(H)ƙ- ‘to show’

P638-9

orphan

сказать 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

71

say

713

bher- >plab-

P128,831

only kel

 

 

 

 

as-beir

abair

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

71

say

714

deyƙ- ‘sagen’

L108,P188-9

Branch orphans

(говорить)

 

 

 

 

 

dire <

dīcō

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

71

say

715

k̑eHs-  ‘anweisen/to advice’

Holm (L318)

Orphan

(говорить)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

them

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

71

say

716

bheh-2 ‘t speak’;

L69,P105-2

-Lu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(fārī)

 

φημί 

 

 

 

 

 

(bhana-)

 

71

say

717

aĝ-2 <heĝ- +w above?

L256,P290

(Lu~)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ai(i)ō)

 

 

λέ(γ)ω

 

 

(aks-)?

 

 

 

71

say

718

mlewh- ‘speak’;

L446,P---

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ase-/ml

 

(palwam)

mrao-mi,mrû-

bravī-

 

71

say

719a

ter- ‘sprechen’

L630,P1088-9

Orphan

(tor-tor-)

(tar)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tē(r)

(St: träṅk-A)

 

 

 

71

say

719b

unknown

ewy

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kahnā

71

say

719c

werh- ‘reden’

irrelevant

(‘talk’)

(говорить)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ἐρέω)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

71

say

719d

memʰ- reduplication?

(P725);(Kas71)

tadeln->say?’

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(μέμφομαιι)

 

 

NH (mema)

 

 

 

 

57

see (to look)

[cf to know]

720

w(e)yd-2 ‘t catch sight,

t know’

L665,P1125-2

+W+E

виде(ть)

(oLi: véizdmi)

 

 

 

 

vedere

video

 

 (εἶδον)

 

 

(au-s)

 

 

 

 

57

see

721

sekw- ‘t see, spot’

L525,P897;Kas diff.

+W+E

 

 

sjá

se

 

 

 

 

shoh

 

 

 

saku-wāye,a- 

 

 

 

 

57

see

722

derƙ- ‘t look at’

L122,P213

+W+E

 

 

 

 

{ad-condairc}

--

 

 

 

 (δέδορκεν,

δέρκομαι)

 

tes-nel

 

 

darəsəm

(darś-)

 

57

see

723

med- ‘(er)messen’

P705

Orphan

(smotri)

(pa)matyti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

57

see

724

ĝwerH- ‘to be hot, shine’

P479

Orphan

 

žiũrě́ti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

57

see

725

kwei- ‘wahrnehmen’

L377, P636

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

ad-chi

=  feicim

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

57

see

726

L < ?

ewy-; frwy-;P-

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[βλέπω]

[βλέπω]

 

 

 

 

 

 

57

see

727

leuk- blaze ??

P687;Blažek

Orphan

 

 

(līta?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AB l(y)äk

 

 

 

57

see

729b

speƙ/ĝ- ‘t  watch’ ~     ?peHs- ?

L575,P984

(L459?)

+W+E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(speciō)

(pashë)

 (σκέπτομαι)

-

 

 

 

(spas,

pišiiei-?)

paś-yati

 

57

see

729c

kʷeƙ ‘sehen, erblicken’

L383,P638-9

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

dekhnā

57

see

728

not applicable

irrelevant

(meaning)

 

 

(līta?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

UT,Ri vaēna-

 

 

57

see

729a

kʷeƙ ‘sehen, erblicken’

L383,P638-9

(meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

caš

cáṣṭe ‘blickt‘

 

24

seed n[not

universal] 

730

séh-(men)

L517,P889

only W

семя 

sėklà

 

 

 

 

seme

sēmen

 

 

 

 

 

AB  sārm

 

 

 

24

seed

731

se-(g)-lo-1

P887

 

 

 

 

 

síl 

síol

 

(seges)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24

seed

733

prews- ‘spritzen’?

sper-/spor

(L493?)

L580

questionably

 

 

frjó

=frø  ?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24

seed

734

sper- t scatter’; or L < Lat far(īna) ‘flour, spelt’?

Holm (L580?)

undecided

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[farë]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24

seed

733

prews- ‘spritzen’?

sper-/spor

(L493?)

L580

questionably

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

σπόρος

σπόρος 

 

 

 

 

 

 

24

seed

732

ƙer-2 ‘wachsen (machen), nähren’

P577 (!)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 serm

 

 

 

 

 

24

seed

734

L <Sum.?

Haa.;Klo980;(Kas-)

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[warwalan]

 

 

 

 

24

seed

735

teuk- ‘Keim, Same, Nachkommenschaft’

P1085

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

taoxma(n)

 

 

24

seed

736

No ety L <Munda? cf Indonesian biji ‘id’

Holm

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[bī́ja ]

[bīj]

68

sit (vi) 

740

sed- ‘sit down’ vt.

L513;P884f; etc.

+W+E

сиде(ть)

sēdḗti

sitja

sitte

saidid 

sui-m

sedere

sedeo

 

ἕζομαι

 

nst-im

(šišt)

ṣäm- ?

(hiđaiti )

(sídati)

 

68

sit

741

ē̆s- <hehs- ‘to sit’ vi

L232;P342; etc

only E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(cf as-nus)

 

(ἧσται)

κάθομαι

 

ēs-

āsk

āste

ā́ste  

 

68

sit

742

her-[+ei] ‘anordnen/to arrange’

Holm (L269)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  rri

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

68

sit

743

upa-viśáti- >uvaviṭṭha-/~biṭṭha- (?)

(ewy -); (L669): hiencog.blogspot

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[baiṭhnā]

28

skin 

(human)

750

s)kū̆-ti- ‘cover’; Lub: skeu(H)-ih- ‘skin, hide’

P951

+W+E

 

 

 

hud

 

(Kym:

cwd)

(b cute)

cutis

 

(σκῦτος

skin,leather’)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

skin

751

kaĝo ‘goat’

P517

P-Sla

кожа 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

skinn

752

L < ?

Fr515, fehlt P

Baltic only

 

[ṓda] 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

skin

753

s)kend-no- ‘skin’

P929

Orphan,only W

 

 

skinn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

skin

754

kni-d-to

Lu: P559-61

 

 

 

 

 

cnes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

skin

755

s)ker-4 ‘cut,tear off’

P9384

Orphan-meaning

 

 

 

 

(croic-)

craiceann

 

(corium)

 

 

 

 

( kurša)?

 

(čarǝman)

(cárman)

 

28

skin

756

pél-(n,t)3B ‘cover,  (too often ‘hide’)

P803-3B

-meaning

(plená)

(plėnė ‘Häutchen’)

 

 

 

 

a pelle

(pellis ‘Fell’)

 

(πέλας)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

skin

757

lë- +kur = L <Lat corium ‘thick skin, leather’

Holm Alb

proposal

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[lëkúrë]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

skin

758

der-4 ‘schinden, zerreißen’

P206;L119

Branhc orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

δέρμα

δέρμα

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

skin

759

L <Semitic/PAA masak

ewy; (Mrt450)

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[mašk]

 

 

 

 

 

28

skin

759f

Gap

Klo;Kas

Gap

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

 

28

skin

759g

h1ed- ‘t eat’ “possibly”

Adams ?(P287)

only E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

yetse

 

 

 

28

skin

759h

skē̌i- < sƙheh(y) ‘cut’; or

L547,P919

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

suri?

(chavī́)

 

28

skin

759i

ewS2twékos

P1099

only E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tvac

tvac-

60

sleep (v;

[cf lie down] 

760

drā-m <dreh1- (Lub h2)

L126,128,P226

+W+E

(drēmyō)

 

 

 

 

 

dormire

dormiō

 

(δαρθάνω)

 

 

 

 

 

drā-

 

60

sleep

761

swep- ‘fall asleep’

L612, P1048

-meaning

спать 

 

sofa

sove 

 

 

 

(sōpiō)

 

 

 

k’nel

supp-

 

xvaf-na-

(svapiti)

sonā

60

sleep

762

meigh- ‘to glimmer, twinkle; mist (before the eyes)’

P712

orphan

 

mieg-ù/ṓti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(yenum?)

 

 

 

 

 

60

sleep

763

telH- >tolH-éi̯e-

Lu,L621,P1060

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

con-tuili

=codlaim

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

s(leep

764

lei̯h2-i̯é ‘schwinden/to fade’

Holm (L406)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

fle

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

sleep

765

dem- >κατά + εὕ-δωο(ν) ‘at home’(?)

(P198)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(καθ)εύδω

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

sleep

765

ƙei-1. ‘liegen’ +mo

P539; ewy no ety.

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

κοιμάμαι

 

 

 

 

 

 

60

sleep

765

klem ‘matt’

P602

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(šeš)

kläntsB

(hahmī ?)

 

 

15

small

 [amb]  

770

pau- ‘gering’

< péhw-ro

P842

-distr  +meaning

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

parvus

 

(παῦρος ‘few’)

 

pʻokʻr

 

 

 

 

 

15

small

771

mei-5>mi-nu- ‘reduce’

P711-5

+W+E  -meaning

(mьníjь)

 

 

 

-

-

 

(minus)

 

 

 

 

 

( maiweB:)

 

 

 

15

small

772

mēlo ‘small (animal)’

P724

Orphan

маленький 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

small

772

me/oĝ(h)- ‘extreme size’?

(P708-9)

debated

 

mãžas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

small

772

lei-² ‚abnehmen‘

P661-2

Orphan

 

 

lítill

liten

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

small

772

b(h)eĝh- ‘ohne’? or

L < ?;

(P112)

Celtic Loan

 

 

 

 

[becc]

[beag ]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

small

772

romanico”

Cor1189

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

piccolo

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

small

772

L <Trk ufaklik ‘tinyness’ <Arb faqīr ‘poor’

Holm Alb.

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[vogël]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

small

772

smeh1(i)-k- ‘klein, winzig’

P966

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

μικρός

μικρός

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

small

772

kmb-(e)i-(?);

n̥mh2ient (?)

Klo439,171; Kas77

Orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kappi

(amij-ant)

 

 

 

 

15

small

772

h3leig/k- ‘dürftig,elend’

Adams; P667

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ὀλίγος)

 

 

 

lykaśke 

 

 

 

15

small

772

ƙak- ‘abmagern’

P521

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OY kasu-

 

 

15

small

772

orbo- ‘Waise > schwach, klein’

P781

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

árbha-s

 

15

small

772

kseud- ‘klein’ >kṣudrá-

P625

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(kṣudra?)

choṭā

81

smoke (n, of

fire,  not cloud) 

780

dhuh-mós/bh

P261,MBr

Lu+ W+E

дым 

dū́mai 

 

 

deatach

fumo

fūmus

 

(τῦφος, θῡμάλ-)

 

 

tuḫḫu(wa)i

 

dūta-(?)

(mPr:dīt)

dhūmá 

dhuā̃

81

smoke

781

reu-g?

?P871-2

Orphan

 

 

reykr

røyk

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

81

smoke

782

L <Gre θυμóς

Holm

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[tym-i]L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

81

smoke

783

kewHp- ‘smoke’ (?)

P596

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

καπνός

καπνός

 

 

 

 

 

 

81

smoke

784

L < ?

 

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[çux]

 

 

 

 

 

81

smoke   ?

785

Gap

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

81

smoke   ?

785

s)meu-gh

P971; Mrt.

-number

 

 

 

 

(múch)

(múch)

 

 

 

 

 

 (mux)

 

 

 

 

 

69

stand (vi)

790

stā/ə- < steh-

L590,P1004f

Lu+ W+E

стоять 

stōv-ḗti

standa

stå

tair-(ś)issiur

seas

stare

stō

 

ἕσταμεν

στέκομαι

 

 

(K: stäm)

 stā,hištai-

stā,tíṣṭha-

 

69

stand

791

er(i)-3. <h,er- ‘come into motion’me into motion’

L238,299,25!

P326-9

{fientive}

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

rri

(më këmbë)

 

 

 

ar- <hr-to

 

 

 

 

69

stand

792

*gʷeh₂-‘come (to stand)’ ??

ewy?, Mrt hesitating

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kangn-el;

(not ka-)

 

 

 

 

 

69

stand

793

kelH ‘aufragen’

L349,P544

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G: käly

 

 

 

69

stand

794

kelH- ‘aufragen’, or

L < ?

(L349, P544)?

P-; ewy-

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[khaṛā hona]

74

star 

800

ster-2 <hstḗr-

P1027-2

+W+E

 

 

stjarna

stjerne

 

 

stella

stēlla

 

ἀστήρ

αστέρι

astɫ

ḫašter

ścirye

stār-

stár 

tārā

74

star

801

ghwoigw- ‘shine, star’

P495

Bal-Sla

звезда

žvaigžd

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

74

star

802

L < ?

swy, Lu: no ety

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

[rind]

(rinn)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

74

star

802

ret- +glu? or L < ?

Lu:no ety; (P366)

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

(rétglu)

[réalt(a)]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

74

star

803

h1eus ‘burn, glow’

LIV245

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ylli

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

77

stone (opp. to sand, earth)

810

- < heƙ-‘sharp’ +mōn ‘stone’

P19

? +W+E ?

камень 

akmuõ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 (ἄκμων)

 

 

(aku ‘sea-shell’)

 

asman, asan-

áśman

 

77

stone

811

ger- ‘Berg/mountain’

P477-3

E !

 

 

 

 

 (bráu) ‘mill~‘

 

 

 

gūr

 

 

 

 

kärweñeB 

 

(grāvan-)

 

77

stone

812

st(eh2)i- >Gmc staina

P101

Orphan

 

 

steinn

[sten]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

77

stone

813

L <Lat clocca

Lucht

Orphan

 

 

 

 

[cloch]

[cloch]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

77

stone

814

L <Gre or the same substrate

 

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

[pietra]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

77

stone

815

lep-3 ‘Fels, Stein’ ? or lep-2 ‘abspalten’;

P678

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lapis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

77

stone

816

L < substrate

(Beekes)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[λίθος]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

77

stone

817

L < substrate

P-

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[πέτρα]

 

 

 

 

 

 

77

stone

818

kar-3 ‘hard’

P531

Vokal!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

k’ar

 

 

 

 

 

77

stone

817

NA4; L < Sum?

HVB1.44b; Haa.: L.

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

peru(na) L

 (pāreṃA)

 

 

 

77

stone

817

NA4;L < ? ‘pebble’

Klo650; Kas.

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(paššila)

 

 

 

 

77

stone

817

L < ?

 

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[patthar]

77

stone

819

lēu- <lehu-2 ‘stone’

P683-2

? +meaning

 

 

 

 

(līe)?

-

 

 

(lerë)

(λᾶας)?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

72

sun  

820

sā́wel- <séhwel-

P881

Lu+ W+E

солнце

sáulē

sól 

sol

 

-

sole

sōl

 

ἠέλιος

ήλιος

 

 

(St below -)

hvar(a)

svàr

sūraj

72

sun

821

her ‘gl’ or gwher-

P441 or 493

Orphan

 

 

 

 

grían

=grian

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

72

sun

822

dei̯h2- ‘glänzen/to shine’

Holm (L108)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

dielli

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

72

sun

823

hrew-i- 'sun(shine)' ?

Mrt; P873?

(ori. poetic)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

arev/g

 

 

 

(ravi)?

 

72

sun

824

L<Hattian estan.

Kas82; HVB1.52

DINGIRUTU-us

L, cf. Hat. estan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ištanu-] L

 

 

 

 

72

sun

825

kehw-1 ‘anzünden, verbrennen’

Adams (L345)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kauṃ

 

 

 

63

swim [amb~ float] 

830

s)nā-<( s)neh- ‘t moisten, bath’

L572, P971

+meaning

 

 

 

 

snáïd

snámh

nuotare

nat-

nótoj

νέω

 

 

 

B nāsk

[snā́ti

badet’]

 

63

swim

831

pleu-(d,k) ‘t float’

L487,P798,835

-meaning?

плыт 

plaũkti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(πλέω)

 

 

 

 

 

plu, pláv-

 

63

swim

832

swem(bʰ)- ‎'to be unsteady, move, swim'

P1046(?);L-; ewy no source

L <N-EurAs?

 

 

svima-

[svømme]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

63

swim

833

L < substrate (?)

unknown

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

κολυμπώ

 

 

 

 

 

 

63

swim

834

log- ‚bath‘ related??

P-; Mrt no entry

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

loġ-al

 

 

 

 

 

63

swim

835

Gap

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

( yärA)

 

 

 

63

swim

836

ter-5/tr̥- < terh2-to cross, to overcome

L633, P1074-5

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

tairnā

35

tail

(cf arse!)

840

ers-3 ‘buttocks’ + too many forms

P340-3

? meaning?

 

 

 

 

(err, er-ball)

eireaball

 

 

 

οὐρά

ουρά

 

 

 

 

 

 

35

tail

841

peuk- <puk(eh)- ‘bushy (tail)’

P849 (or 827?)

only E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B pako

 

púccha

pū̃ch

35

tail

842

gwes-to-s ‘Laubbüschel’

P480

Orphan

хвост 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

35

tail

843

od(e)g(w)o

773

Baltic

 

uodegà

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

35

tail

844

kel- ‘tip’

P552 3

Orphan

 

 

hali

hale

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

35

tail

845

keh₂u- ‘hauen, schlagen’

(P535) ?

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

coda

cauda

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

35

tail

846

bhei̯H- > bhi(H)-st-o- ‘schlagen/to beat’

Holm (L72)

Verbal noun

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

bishti

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

35

tail

847

*p > Arm h/0; (unconvincing etys)

Nowhere convincing

late loan <Mitanni?)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[poč] L?

 

 

 

 

 

35

tail

848

Gap

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

 

 

 

35

tail

849

dum(bʰ)-a

P227 = Turner 6419

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

duma

 

 

05

that [amb, often undecidable]

850

a)u- <heu- ‘that s’

P73-4 

only E?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a-i/jó/tá

(αὖτις)

 

 

 

 

hau,ava-

adás,amú

vah

05

that [cf “all”!]

851

a/ol-(jos)- <hel-‘beyond, s’

P24,25

(Lu) -meang

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ille

(alius)

-

(ἄλλος)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

05

that

852

só, séh, tód

P978-9

Branch orphans

то(т) 

tas

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

05

that

853

kHi-r/n?

P609

Orphan

 

 

hinn

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

05

that

853

L <Dan þann{akk} <

P1086f

orphan

 

 

 

[den, det] L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(noyn)

 

 

 

 

 

05

that

854

sem- ‘eins’?

Lu: ?P604

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

sin

=sin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

05

that

855

ecce illum? (Vlat)

uncertain

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

quello

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

05

that

856

henos 'that' >(ἐ-{augment} + ƙe- >κε{deictic} ‘here’ +nos)

P609(?)

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ἐκεῖνος 

εκείνο 

 

 

 

 

 

 

05

that

858

e(i)-3

P285(1)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ay-n

 

 

 

 

 

05

that

857

h₂-b- ? (unclear)

Klo191;Kas85

cf. Alb, Arm!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ap/bā-

 

 

 

 

05

that

858

so-u- > sä-m ?

Adams

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sam(p)

 

 

 

04

this [amb]

  

860

ƙH(i)e-s ‘this (here)’; dV: g/ĝhe/o-ke >Lat.

P609; Kas86; dV

+distr?

 

šì-s

 

 

 

 

 

hic 

 

(κε)

 

 

k-ā/ū/i-

 

 

 

 

04

this

861

so-,sā-,syo-

P978

(Lu)?

это(т)

 

sá,sú,sjá

 

so,sa,se

seo

 

 

 

ὅδε (ὁ,ἡ),

οὗτος

αυτ-ός

(sa)

 

se

ha(u)

(u)

 

04

this

862

L < Dan

cf ‘that’

Orphan

 

 

 

[denne, dette] L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

04

this

863

ecce istum ?

uncertain

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

questo

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

04

this

864

ku̯o- +pers. ending

P644

cf. Hit.!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

k-y/jo/ëtá

 

 

 

(k-??)

 

 

 

 

04

this

865

e(i)-3

P285(1) !

contrad P609

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ay-s

 

 

 

 

 

04

this

866

yá(s)- ‘quae’ > San

P283

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

yah

44

tongue (anat) 

870

dn̥ĝhwā- < dn̥ĝhw(e)h

P223

+W+E

язык 

liežùvis 

tunga 

tunge

tengae

teanga

lingua

(d)lingua

gjuhë

 

 

lezu

 

kantwo

hizū

 jihvā́

jībh

44

tongue

871

gloh3gʰ- ‘Spitze, Zunge’

P402

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

γλῶττα

γλώσσα

 

 

 

 

 

 

44

tongue

 

1.L< Akkad? Redupl.? 2.or onomapoetic?

Klo515;

Kas.88.

cf. Akk. lišānu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

lāla

 

 

 

 

43

tooth (front?

undecidable)

880

e)dont/dn̥t-

< h,(é)d-ont- ?

P289

Lu+ W+E

 

dantìs

tǫnn

tann

dét

(dēt)

dente

dēns

 

ὀδών

δόντι

atamn

 

 

dantan

dánt-

dā̃t

43

tooth

881

ĝom-bh-os

P369

W+E, dfct

зуб

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

dhëmbi

(γόμφος)

 

 

 

kam;keme

 

(jámbha-)

-

43

tooth

882

wes-2 ‘eat’; or L <?

Lu?; (P1171)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

[fiacail]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

43

tooth

882

keg- ‘Pflock’

P537;Klo427

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

kaga

 

 

 

 

23

tree (not log) Lu~)

890

deru- : (dóru- {n} ‘wood, tree)

P214

+W+E

дерево

 

tré

tre

 

 

 

 

dru-ri

δένδρον

δέντρο

 

taru

 

 

druma-

 

23

tree

891

medhio- ‘median’, or L <Finmetsä?

P709-7

W

 

mẽdi-s

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

23

tree

892

kʷr̥s-‘woods’?

P633

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

crann

crann

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

23

tree

893

erHdʰ- ‘hoch, Baum’

P339

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

 

 

albero

arbor

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

23

tree

894

L <Hurro-Urart. with ǵr̥s-o- ‘Geflochtenes, Buschwerk’

ewy <Diakonoff;

P392;

Loan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[çaṙ]

 

 

 

 

 

23

tree

895

steh-mn ‘Stamm/treetrunk’

P1004-8

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

stām

 

 

 

23

tree

896

wer-eƙ- ‘Baum, Mast)

P1169 (1154)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

varəša-

(vr̥kṣá-)

 

23

tree

897

L < ?

 

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[peṛ]

23

tree

898

not applicable

na

(meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

(bile)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

12

two (num) [uninformative] 

900

dwō- <dwéh(u)-/duwéh

P228

+W+E

два

tveir

to

dá,dí

due

duo

dy

δύο

δύο

erku

ta

wu

dva

dvā́

do

65

walk  (advancing foots alternatively) 

910

ei-1 <h1ey- ‘gehen’ 

LIV232,P293

  +W+E

идти 

eĩ-t/mi

(vaikščioti)

 

 

 

 

 

ire,eō

 ([eci ])

(εἶμι)

 

 

iya

i-/yä-

aēiti,yeinti

ay-

 

65

walk

911

ĝhengh- ‘schreiten’

L175,P438

only W

 

(žengiù)

ganga

(cingim)

(cinn)

 

 

 

 

 

(g(ə)n-al)

 

 

 

 

 

65

walk

912

steh(m)b(h)/p- ?; cf e ‘step’

Lu:?P1012

Branch orphans

 

 

 

 

siblaid 

siúlaim

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

65

walk

913

debated

 

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 andare

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

65

walk

914

L < Lat sequor ‘to follow’

Holm

Orphan

 

 

 

 

tíagu?

 

(camminare)

 

[shkoj]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

65

walk

915

pent- ‘(e Weg) finden’

L471, P808-9

Branch orphans

 

 

(fara)

 

 

 

 

 

 

περιπατῶ

πηγαίνω

 

 

 

 

 

 

65

walk

916

L < ? kʷel- (+ i-infix) ‘to linger around’?

ewy, Mrt no ety; (P639?)

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[k’ayl-el]

 

 

 

 

 

 

65

walk

917

kwel(H)-1 ‘t turn’

P639-

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(ἔβη)

 

 

 

(i-, yä-n-)

 

(car-)

calnā

65

walk

918

helh-8 ‘ambulō’

L264,P27-8

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(amb-ulō)

 

(ἀλάομαι)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

65

walk

919a

gwe-m/h- ‘gehen’;

L205,P463

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(gāt̰)

(gam-/ágāt)

 

65

walk

919n

vaik-ýti ? ‘jagen’

Frae n ety;(P1128-9)

(‘go on foot’)

 

(vaikščioti)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

75

water n

[cf rain!] 

920

wód-r̥ {sing},

auwed-(r)- < hwédōr {koll}

P78-9, MBr[F314]

+W+E

вода

vanduõ

vatn

vann

u(i)sce

uisce

 

(Umbutur)

ūjë

ὕδωρ

 

(get)

wādar

 

 

udán

 

75

water

921

hekweh- ‘(running) water’

P23

marked,

only W

 

 

 

 

 

 

acqua

aqua

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

75

water

922

néwo- >νηρόν (ὕδωρ)

P769

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

νερό

 

 

 

 

 

 

75

water

923

gʰwer-< gwĝher-? ‘id.)??

P80c)?; not P487. Mrt-

Loan ?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ǰur] L? 

 

 

 

 

 

75

water

924

awer- < hwe(h)-r

 

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

wär

(vāra ‘rain’)

(vā́r ?)

 

75

water

925

ap- < ehp- ‘water, river’)

P51-2

orphan

 

(ùpė)

 

 

 

 

 

 

-

(Ᾱπ-)

 

 

(hāpa-)

(āp ‘river’)

āfš

(āp-)

 

75

water

926

pō-no-m ‘drink’ > San pānīya

 

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pānī

03

we  incl 

930

wéi-

P1114; Kas95

+W+E

 

 

vit

vi

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

wēs

wes

vaēm

vayám 

 

03

we incl

931

nés, nē̆-s-3 (obl)

P758-3

 

 

 

 

 

sni

sinn

noi

nōs

ne

(νῶι)

 

 

 

 

 

 

ham

03

we incl

932

me-1 s

(P702)

 

мы 

mẽs

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ἡμεῖς

εμείς 

me(n)k’

 

 

 

 

 

07

what  (Intpron)     [uninformative] 

940

kwí-d  < ku̯ei-

(kwó-d, kwe-)

P644f

+W+E

что

kàs

hvat

hva(d)

cíd (?)

 

che (ciò)

quid

ç-(farë)

τί

τί

inč (i(z-i)

kui

ku-s/c(e)

ka(t)

kád, kím

kyā

07

what (Intpron)

941

kwo/u+de? or = above?

(P644,647)+?

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

cad

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

white  [amb] 

950

ƙwey-d,t- ?

P628

 

 

 

hvítr

hvit

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spaēta-

śvítna

 

90

white

951

bhelh- ‘shining white’ ?>

P118

?

белый 

báltas

 

 

 

(belo)

 

 

 

(φαλός )

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

white

952

areĝ- < h(e)rǵ- ‘white (silver)’

P64; Kas97

 

 

 

 

 

(arggat)

 

 

(argentum)

 

(ἀργός )

 

(arcat)

harki

ārkwi

(ǝrǝzata)

(árju-)

 

90

white

954

weid- [?]

P1125

orphan

 

 

 

 

 fin

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

white

955

bʰeh- ‘to shine’

P104

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

bán

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

white

956

bʰleg- ‘glänzen’ via ‘L <Gmc blank(az)

(L86;P124)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

[bianco]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

white

953

albho- < hél-bho- (metath?)

P30

orphan

(ólovo)

(alwis)

 

 

 

 

 

albus

 

 

(Ἀλουίων) =?

(aɫauni)

 

 

 

 

 

90

white

957

bherhg-o- ‘bright’

PK139

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

bardhë 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

white

958

leuk-1 ‘leuchten’

P687

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

λευκός

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

white

959

s)p(h)erHg- ‘hervorkommen, rscheinen’ ?

(P997)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

άσπρος

 

 

 

 

 

 

90

white

959a

ƙwey-t-os ‘bright’ >II; here L < MPer ?

P628-9!

(VP, Mrt no ety)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

spitak

 

 

 

 

 

90

white

959b

ƙwey-t-os ‘bright’ >San śvetá

P629

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[safed]

06

who (intpron) [uninformative]   

960

kwi-s <kwei; kwós^; ~ kwus;

²P646-7; Kas98

(M/A97)

+W+E

кто 

kà-s

hverr

hvem

cía

chi

qui(s)

kush

τίς

(o)ποιος

o(v)

kui-

kuse

ká(s)

kaun

16

woman 

970

gwéna- <gwénh-;

gwenā- <gwenéh-

P473f; Kas99

+W,

+E

женщина 

 

kona

kvinne

ben

bean

 

 

 

γυνή

γυναίκα

kin

(kuwan)  

B sana;

B klīye

gǝnā,

jə̄naya-

jáni

 

16

woman

971

mātér- <meh₂tér

P701

sem shift

 

mṓter-is

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16

woman

972

dem- ‘bauen, Haus’ >domin|us/a ‘Herr/in’

P198

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

donna

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16

woman

973

mel- <(h₂)moldus ‘zart’ >Komparariv

(P719)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mulier

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16

woman

974

g̑réh2- ‘ripe, ready (grain, grown up of people)’

Holm (P390)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

grúa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16

woman

975

L <Per عورت (aurat) ‘woman' <Arb Ara عَوْرَةimperfection’

ewy

Orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[aurat]

16

woman

976

not applicable

 

(meaning)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(unatti)

 

 

(nā́rī-)

 

89

yellow [amb] 

980

ĝhel-(h)- ‘shine, yellow’

P429-1

+W+E

жёлтый 

geltṓna-s

gulr

gul

 

 

 

(helvus)

 

 

 

 

 

 

zari-

hari(ta)

 

89

yellow

981

bhā- >badi̯os

P104; 92

Orphan

 

 

 

 

buide

> bui

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

89

yellow

982

L <Fre jaine

ewy (?)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

[giallo]

[gilvus]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

89

yellow

983

bleH-wos ‘blond’

P160

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

flavus 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

89

yellow

984

L < lat viridis

Holm

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[verdhë]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

89

yellow

985

ƙas- ‘blond,braun/dun-c’? or L < ?

P533

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ξανθός

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

89

yellow

986

L < Medit. substrate ?

ewy; fwy-

Loan?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[κίτρινος] L

 

 

 

 

 

 

89

yellow

987

dhelH-bho- ‘yellow’

P246-2(ewy)

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

deġin

 

 

 

 

 

89

yellow

988

L<unknown source

Klo268,Kas100

green-yellow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[ḫaḫ-luwant]

 

 

 

 

89

yellow

989a

dʰeu-4- >dʰuhₓt-o/ehen ‘covered w dust’

Adams P263

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

B tute

 

 

 

89

yellow

989b

pel-6 ‘grey, pale’, and

 peig/k-1 ‘golden, reddish’ > San pīt/va-la 

P804

P794

orphan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(pīta GrS)

pīlā

89

yellow

989c

kenHkó- ‘saflor-gelb’

P564

not used

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(κνη/ακός)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

02

You, 2sg, thou (1955) [uninftve] 

990

tū̆- <túh-

P1097

+W+E

ты 

þú

du

tu

tu

ti

ττύ,σύ

εσύ

du

tu {obl}

B tuwe

tūm, tvə̄m-

t(u)vám 

02

you

991

ti <tih

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

zik {dir}

 

 

 

 

Some remarks upon the lists in general

Regrettably, many translators obviously have difficulties in understanding the intended meaning of Swadesh’s entries, out of several reasons. Swadesh dealt himself (1955, ch.4) exhaustively with many problems involved with his choices and adjusted his items several times to new experience. Further, the explanations and clarifications are hidden in different texts, however, not in the final (posthumous) edition, which is our base, with the exception of “claw”, where it turned out to be better (along with D. Ringe and S. Starostin) to keep the old version “nails of digits”.

To test glottochronology, we have to follow the standard rule, to find and count only the every-day usage to the meaning, in a modern linguistic term, the “unmarked” response. This means that the responses must be valid without additional remarks on narrowing circumstances of special usage.

R” is our sign for these supposedly unmarked words, retained from the original PIE reference list. Exactly those sharp constraints turned out to be a central problem in constructing the word lists, in particular for the brand-new PIE reference list. Of great help were here the “markedness” analyses of M. Lucht, and the distribution in Western AND Eastern IE retentions.

 

However, many difficulties remain:

- bark is not well distinguished in many languages, and even unattested in historical languages.

- belly = abdomen. In many dictionaries not well defined, often confused with stomach or womb.

- breasts: is ambiguous in many senses, and many authors did not distinguish between chest, female breast(s, as Swadesh 1971), bosom, or tits.

- claw: Swadesh’s (1955.1971) switch from (finger)nails to “claw” by was a very bad idea, because in practice it is too often (in particular for not well preserved languages) not possible to find the expression for claw and to distinguish these from words for nail. Thus, in this case I returned (with Ringe and Starostin) to the “(finger)nail” version.

- colours are in linguistics known as to be extremely ambiguous, and thus a bad decision of Swadesh. This means that his colors black, white, green, yellow should be cancelled (-5). Additionally, green and yellow can be traced back to the same root. Perhaps ‘sky-blue’ would be unambiguous.

- earth, clearer: soil. Only taking Swadesh’s word field listing makes clear that he meant this in contrast to sand or rock, not the globe.

- feather: The recent derivates support in fact two possible roots, because they often do not distinguish between bird, wing, and fly. Additionally, feather and fly may be based on the same root, P824_2.peth2, which is thus a bad choice.

- foot, leg: often not distinguished (Slavonian), or derived from same root;

- full and many are both often derived from the same root P799 pel-, thus a bad choice.

- flesh = colloquial for biological tissue which consists of skin, fat, skeletal muscles, and organs as opposed to bones, viscera and integuments. Flesh may be used as food, in which case it is called meat, abandoned by Swadesh in favour of the broader, unmarked concept flesh. Because such differences were not made in primitive times, the distinction is difficult and uninformative.

- head and horn are often based on the same root, P574 ker-, which is thus a bad choice. Moreover, horn is perhaps not universal.

- hot, in Swadesh 1955 replacing older warm, raised many misleading differences. Nearly all older studies are incompatible here.

- man =male vs. person =human being. Ambivalent, often not clearly distinguished.

- mountain: This of all, ambiguous and not universal meaning is kept by Ringe.

- round (OD: “presenting convex or circular outline or surface”) is apomorphic in all IE branches and thus cladistical uninformative. Additionally, one possible root is also used to label the concept “neck”.

- sit: Verb intransitive, describing the state, is not maintainable, because the most common word in PIE seems to have been rather transitive.

- swim {v}: It is unclear, whether the clear definition of en.wiki,  “biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium”, thus not ‘float’ or ‘bath’, can and should be maintained for PIE.

- tail is not available in many extinct languages.

- that vs. this are ambivalent in many languages, e.g. the Scandinavian ones.

- tree was presumably often not distinguished from its function as fire-wood or log. (Similar cf. flesh, meat). It is irrelevant, in which direction the labelling (onomastic procedure) has in fact proceeded.

- to walk, not in all languages differing from ‘to go’, in particular no PIE stem reconstructable.

 

Etymological differences:

- nose, l-PIE nā̆s- ; < “original and ablauting PIE” (BS Hansen Kopenhagen 2012)? Or <Hneh-es-t-h? Or < hénhos- (Meier-Brügger)

 

Better universals should be, and additionally be formulated in sentences denoting the context, as professional in lexical field work:

Universal Family relations: son, daughter: Both often available also in historical texts, and why did Swadesh skip father and mother? Because of suspect nursery words? And why are these different in many languages in spite of this?

Universal weapons: Arrow, bow, and string.

Everyday and universal craft tools: hammer and knife (why did he skip ‘knife’?)

Specific colors: sky-blue, grass-green

Universal water source: creek, spring/well.

 

General Abbreviations: na: not attested, not available; ts transferred sense, thus not fully counted;

Arm(enian), Ave(stan), Grc (Old Greek), Hur(rian), Lit(huanian), Nor (Old Norse), OCS.(Old Church Slavonian, Per(sian), Rus(sian), Skt. (Sanskrit), Syc(Syriac), Urt(Urartian).

 

References and their Abbreviations in chronological order, hoping that newer ones considered the older ones

 

General References and their Abbreviations: For the complete subtables, see individual branches, available from the author upon request

1949: BU = Carl Darling BUCK, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. A Contribution to the History of Ideas. Chicago.

1997: Dyen, I, J Kruskal, and P Black: COMPARATIVE INDOEUROPEAN DATABASE COLLECTED BY ISDORE DYEN  FILE IE-DATA1 Original URL cancelled, 2007 only available at wwwwordgumbocom,ie,comp,iedatatxt, as test of this still often used list of very poor quality

1959: P#=Page in Pokorny, J: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, I Band Francke Verlag Bern und München

2000 (?): St: Starostin, Sergej. A. Indo-European wordlist, by courtesy of his son, Dr. Georgij Starostin. In particular reliable for Russian, as by a native Russian speaker and Professor of linguistics.

2001: L#=Page in Rix H, Kümmel M, Zehnder Th, Lipp R, Schirmer B: Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben  Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag

2002: (Ri) = Ringe, Don: “The Indo-European word lists” The parallel wordlists of 24 oIndo-European (IE) languages used in the Ringe, Warnow, Taylor 2002 paper (PDF), as available at wwwcsriceedu,~nakhley,CPHL, oInternal date 2007-07-05 Containing 421 concepts

2002:(RiS) = Ringe “Screened IE dataset” without date, still on http:,,wwwcsriceedu,~nakhleh,CPHL, as 2011-08-16

2007: Sta: S.A. Starostin/Georgij Starostin. 224 words for 110 meanings extended Swadesh list, by e-mail from G. Starostin. Contains code for alleged relationships, minus-sign for alleged loans. Some letters in spite of available “Times New Roman Star” not readable.

cont: Wiki(pedia): The required primary translation can often be derived, if there exists a main article in wikipedia AND the target language, in particular, if linked also via a third language of the native speaker. Note that these articles in some cases refer to the scientific use, not the everyday use!

cont: wS: enwiktionaryAppendix Swadesh lists Aside from the problems outlined above, only reliable, if created by native speakers, as eg for Arm, or reliably referenced

cont: L#+ online updates to Rix et al.

cont: Ho: Assessments by Hans J. Holm

cont: Dunn, Michael: IELEX. As long as Dunn describes the Dyen et al. (1997) or Orel by “Reliability: good”, he remains extremely unreliable.

 

Albanian: (Both with further references)

2009: Holm, Hans J.: Albanische Basiswortlisten und die Stellung des Albanischen in den indogermanischen Sprachen. In: Zeitschrift für Balkanologie, Heft 45-2.

2011: Holm, Hans J.: "Swadesh lists" of Albanian Revisited and Consequences for Its Position in the Indo-European Languages. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 39-1&2.   

 

Armenian (Some questionable cses clarified by own fieldwork 2015). I intend to use the transliteration after ISO 9985, not the classical one.

Main source for Armenian was in particular the in this case excellent http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix: Armenian Swadesh list, except from some not comparable words in the mistaken “Ishtar” list, abbreviated as

cont.: VP: en.wiktionary/Appendix/Swadesh list/Armenian. Here philologically very reliable, because created by Vahagn Petrosyan, a very educated natural speaker and professional interpreter, whom I have to thank for many helpful clarifications.

cont.: e2a: http://www.english2armenian.com/en/dictionary-english-armenian/know.

cont.: glhy: http://glosbe.com/en/hy/ “Englisch-Armenisch Wörterbuch Online.

1836–37: Awetikʿean, Gabriēl; Xačʿatur Siwrmēlean, & Mkrtičʿ Awgerean: Nor baṙgirkʿ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language], in 2 vols, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy

1879, 1973: Bdr.: Bedrossian, Matthias. New Dictionary Armenian-English. Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy: Librairie du Liban, Beirut.

1952: Fr.: Froundjian, Dirair. Armenisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. München : Oldenbourg.

1971–79: Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay: Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words], in 4 vols (second edition), Yerevan: Yerevan State University

1975: Hit-Arm loans Greppin_JAC.TXT  noch einarbeiten

1999: Av.: Avak, Robert. Armenisch Wort für Wort. [Kauderwelsch Band 119]. 1. Auflage (Teilweise falsche Transliteration).

2009: Mrt.: Martirosyan, Hrach K.: Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary. Brill Academic Pub. Many words missing. Leaves the reader too often with links to references instead of assessing the, or giving own, arguments.

 

Baltic and Slavic (in chronological order)

1953-58: Vasmer, Max: Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 4 vols.Heidelberg : Winter. = Fas: en.wiki: Vasmer, Max, cited as Fasmer, Maks (1964–1973), “грудь”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačev O. N., Moscow: Progress.

1965: Frae: Fraenkel, Ernst: Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Winter;

1968: Bielfeld, H.H.: Russisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Akademieverlag Berlin (Ost). 6. durchgesehene Auflage. 60 000 Stichwörter/entries.

1968-1973: Ku: Kuršaitis, Aleksandras: Litauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch : Thesaurus linguae lituanicae. Hrsg. von Wilhelm Wissmann und Erich Hofmann. Unter Mitw. von Armin Kurschat und Hertha Krick. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

1985: Mel: Етимологічний словник української мови: В. 7 т./ АН УРСР. Ін-т мовознавства ім. ООПотебні; Редкол. ОСМельничук (головний ред.), ВТКоломієць, ОБТкаченко та ін.— К.: Наук. думка, 1985. Том другий Д/Копці

1992: Kr: Križinauskas, Juozas A.: Vokiečiu̜-lietuviu̜ kalbu̜ žodynas = Deutsch-litauisches Wörterbuch. Vilnius : Mokslas.

1999: Čer: en.wiki: Černyx, P. Ja.: “грудь”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, 3rd reprint, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 222

2008: Der.: Derksen, Rick: Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, ISBN 978 90 04 15504 6, page 500. ISBN 978 90 04 15504 6

2012: Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria: Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian, Seventh printing. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-0151-5

cont.: liw: li.wikipedia for ist seldom entries.

 

Celtic.

Primary source:

2007: Lucht, Martina: Der Grundwortschatz des Altirischen. Available as pdf at http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss_online.  Remarks: The PhD of M. Lucht regrettably did neither refer to the newest list of Swadesh (1971), nor had she read the precising explanations in the cited Swadesh 1955; e.g. for „to burn“ Swadesh unambiguously defined as intransitive, of which Lucht (p76) is unaware, or, old „breast“ has been replaced 1971 by the unambiguous plural, correct in Ringe:

Complementary sources:

1999: C/S = Caldas, Thomas Feito; and Schleicher, Clemens: Wörterbuch Irisch-Deutsch, mit einem deutsch-irischen Wortindex. Hamburg, Buske (poor work).

cont.: EwA: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Irish_Swadesh_list for Modern Irish is unreliable because of both, misunderstandings of Swadesh’s meanings and incorrect translations.

cont.: Ewy: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/(Irish) for etymologies of Old and Modern Irish.

cont.: gaw=http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/, backward via the English edition. Most reliable for Modern Irish, however, very few sites.

cont.: ID = www.irishdictionary.ie/dictionary; with its many examples of usage, the best source for translations from English into Modern Irish.

cont.: Rd = Redwolf, Irish native speaker in the Irish Translation Forum.

 

Greek.

For Modern spoken Dimotiki Greek 

Dyen, I., J. Kruskal, and P. Black (1997): COMPARATIVE INDOEUROPEAN DATABASE COLLECTED BY ISDORE DYEN  FILE IE-DATA1. Original URL cancelled. 2007 only available at www.wordgumbo.com,ie,comp,iedata.txt; in the Greek case very reliable!

elw: http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/: Encyclopaedian articles in Greek Wikipedia.  Seems to be clined toward Kathaverousa.

ewy: http:en.wiktionary.org,wiki,(Greek) for some etymologies. Better, see fwy.

ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Greek_Swadesh_list  for modern Greek: unreliable.

fwy: http://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/(Grec) The French wiktionary in this case has better recherched etymologies than ewy.

gle: http://glosbe.com/el/de/ for modern Greek. Gathered from en.wiki and Omegawiki with additional examples in context = a good proof!

 

For Ancient Greek:

ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Ancient_Greek_Swadesh_list for Ancient Greek: unreliable.

Hämmig, Annelies: akzessarbeit haemmig-1 dated 2006-10-03 "Autorin Annelies Hämmig lehnt jede Verantwortung ab), via http://www.indoger.uzh.ch/fachschaft/material.html; abgerufen 2014.

1969: Schindler, J.: Die idg. Wörter fur 'Vogel' und 'Ei'. Die Sprache 15: 144-67.

2007: Köbler, Gerhard, Altgriechisches Herkunftswörterbuch online

2010: Beekes, Robert S. P.: Etymological Dictionary of Greek [Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10]. Leiden, Boston: Brill.

2010: Nikolaev, Alexander: „Time to gather stones together: Greek λᾶας and its Indo-European background. In: Procs 21st Ann., UCLA IE Conf. (2009).

 

Hittite: (K.: also contained in Kloekhorst).

Generally it appears that many authors have not sufficiently tested for borrowings from Indoiranian, Akkadian, Hurrian, and Luwian.

1973[K.]: Ünal, A.: Zum Status der "Augures" bei den Hethitern. In: Revue hittite et asiatique, tome 31, 1973. P. 27-56.

1975: BG : Bergsträsser, Gotthelf (1975): Einführung in die semitischen Sprachen. München: Huber. English version 1983: Introduction to the Semitic languages. Winona Lake, Indiana : Eisenbrauns.

1975-[K.]: HW2    = J. Friedrich & A. Kammenhuber. Hethitisches Wörterbuch. 2nd  ed. Heidelberg, 1975-. // Extensive synchronic dictionary of the Hittite language. Ongoing edition.

1977-[K.]: HEG = J. Tischler. Hethitisches etymologisches Glossar. Innsbruck, 1977-. // Etymological dictionary of the Hittite language with analysis of synchronic textual data. Ongoing edition.

1980-[K.]: CHD  = The Hittite  Dictionary of the Oriental Institute  of  the  University   of  Chicago. Chicago, 1980-. // Extensive synchronic dictionary of the Hittite language. Ongoing edition.

1984-[K.]: HED =  J. Puhvel. Hittite Etymological Dictionary. Vol. 1-.   Berlin -  NY  - Amsterdam, 1984-. // Etymological dictionary of the Hittite language with extensive treatment of synchronic textual data. Ongoing edition.

1985 [K.]: Николаев = С. Л. Николаев. Северокавказские заимствования в хеттском и древнегреческом  [North Caucasian      loanwords      in  Hittite   and   Ancient    Greek].    In: Древняя Анатолия. Москва, 1985. С. 60-73.

1985[K.], 2006: HVB/Weeks, David Michael Weeks.  Hittite Vocabulary: An Anatolian Appendix to Buck's Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. Diss, UCLA. 1985.   // A   thematic   glossary  of  the  basic  terms  of  the  Hittite language.

1989: Melchert, H. C. PIE #dog’ in Hittite? Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 50: 97-101.

1991: Haarmann, Harald (1991): Basic aspects of language in human relations : toward a general theoretical framework [Contributions to the sociology of language ; 59 ]. Berlin [u.a.] : Mouton de Gruyter, p232.

1993[K.]: Melchert, H. C. Cuneiform Luvian lexicon. Chapel Hill, N.C., . // Dictionary of the Cuneiform Luwian corpus.

1996[K.]: Catsanicos   =  Catsanicos,  J.,  1996:  L'apport  de  la  bilingue  de  Hattusa  à  la  lexicologie hourrite.    In: Amurru  1:  Mari,  Ébla  et  les  hourrites.       Paris.   P.  197-296.    // Lexicographic treatment of the data from the Hurrian-Hittite bilingua.

1997: Dyen, I., J. Kruskal, and P. Black (1997): COMPARATIVE INDOEUROPEAN DATABASE COLLECTED BY ISDORE DYEN  FILE IE-DATA1. Original URL cancelled. 2007 only available at www.wordgumbo.com,ie,comp,iedata.txt, as test of this still often used list.

1998: Håkon, Ernst (Ed.), Language Change; Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics. [Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 14]. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin 1998. p87: "According to Laroche, in his onomastical study of 1966, the movement of Luwians from what the Hittites called the Low Country towards the capital was of massive size and the Hittite people became slowly Luwianized."

2001: Neu, Erich, Skizze einer Beschreibung  der Wurzelstruktur hurritischer Nomina und Verben. Ein Näherungsversuch. In Igla/Stolu (Hrsg) Was ich noch sagen wollte …” Multilingual FS for Norbert Boretzki on the occasion of his 65th Birthday. B: Akademie-Verl. 87-012.

2002: (=Dunn-# 28) Ringe, D., Warnow, T., Taylor, A. (2002) 'Indo-European and Computational Cladistics.' Transaction of the Philological Society Vol. 100:1: 59-129. 

· these lists are cited in http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/CPHL/ie-wordlist-07.pdf; ich gebe dahinter die Anzuahl der von Ringe verzeichneten Cognaten, „xC“.

2004: Soy(sal), Oğuz. Hattischer Wortschatz in hethitischer Textüberlieferung. Leiden: Brill. (I found no Hattian substratum in this list in the range of the Swadesh UCL).

2006: Goedegebuure, P. A New Proposal for the Reading of the Hittite numeral ‘1’: sia-. In Theo van den Hout (Hrsg.): The Life and Times of Hattusili III and Tudhaliya IV. Leiden. Festschrift de Roos?

2008[K.]: Hoffner, A.jr. & Melchert H.C. A grammar of the Hittite language. Part 1: Reference grammar. Eisenbrauns, 2008. // Up-to-date descriptive grammar of the Hittite language.

2008[K.]: Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden – Boston: Brill (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5). Habe EDHIL .pdf oAU !!

2009 [K.]: Melchert, H. C. Deictic pronouns in Anatolian. In: K. Yoshida & B. Vine (ed.). East and West. Papers in Indo-European Studies. Bremen, 2009. P. 151-161.

2010 [K.]: Cohen, Y. Rara avis: A study of the HU section of the Sa  vocabulary. In: H.   D.   Baker   et   al.   (eds).  Your   praise   is   sweet.   A   memorial   volume   for   Jeremy   Black   from students, colleagues and friends. London, 2010. P. 29-40.

2010 [K.]: Eichner, H.. Laudatio hostiae und laudatio victimae im Palaischen. In: Hethitica 16. Peeters, 2010. P. 39-58.

2010: Kümmel, M. Liste hethitischer Verben, z.B. über researchGate. Neueste Versionen angeblich beim Autor zu erhalten.

2010 [K.]: Pecchioli Daddi, F. The Hittite word talla-. In: J. Klinger et al. (eds). Investigationes Anatolicae. Gedenkschrift für Erich Neu (StBoT 52). Wiesbaden, 2010.

2010 [K.]: Van den Hout, Th. The Hieroglyphic Luwian signs L. 255 and 256 and once again Karatepe XI. In: I. Singer (ed.). Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday . Tel Aviv, 2010. P. 234-243.

2011: Tischler, J.  – ordered to Hittite, therefore too time-consuming to find the meanings. He recommended Kassian (2011)

2011-: BC : Brosch, Cyril.  Synopse zur hethitischen & anatolischen historischen Lautlehre. URL www.cyrilbrosch.net/anatol/hhph.pdf.

2011: Kassian, A., G. Starostin. Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Hittite (Old Hittite) language (Anatolian group, Indo-European family). [Text version of database, created 14/10/2011]. From http://starling.rinet.ru/new100/ana.pdf. (Friendly suggested by Tischler ). He often employes [K] “the rare, but secure correspondence Hitt. s- ~ Luw. t- ~ IE 0- .” 

2012: prw: www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/en_syntaxe_conjunction.htm.

2012: OCHRE: ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/eCHD/ = Electronic Chicago Hittite Dictionary

2013: Koller, Bernhard. Hittite pai- ‘come’ and uwa- ‘go’ as Restructuring Verbs. JHL 3-1: 77-97(21)

2013: Malzahn, Melanie (Vienna): The second one to branch off?—The Tocharian lexicon revisited. Handout at “Etymology and the European Lexicon” 14th Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellschaft,  Copenhagen, Sept. 17, 2012.   https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/9823587/handout-etymology-and-the-european-lexicon.

2015: Kümmel, Martin: Hethitische Verben.  academia.edu/ vheth-libre.pdf – ist aber Stand 2010!“ s. dort.

Bad source: 1969: Wittmann (1969) noted 29 (marked  ?#?) representatives of Hittite as “unusable”. Moreover, he used not the final version of Swadesh’s list as published posthumous 1971, not even that of 1955; thus the following 28 old Swadesh-meanings are worthless here: animal, to bark (to my knowledge never used by Swadesh, who allways referred to the bark of trees, conceivable from the context of the list),  beard, to bind, excrement, eagle, flower, father, free, to graze, lung (never used by Swadesh), mother, near, nude, other, to pull, rope, to run, to sing, sky, to sting, to swallow, teat, thick, three, to turn, wind, who. To compute the time of partition from Indo-European, he used the mistaken formula and data of Lees (1953), overlooking that the value 0.805 therof was only valid for Lees’ 215-word list, not for 100 words, where Swadesh calculated a much higer stability of 86%. This would have lead to a much older value, namely -2,647 a, minus the -1,800 of Hittite, would yield -4 450 a. On the other hand, some more cognates, say 0.7%, would yield a much smaller difference, namely -1 182 a, minus a more correct age for the Hittite word age yields -2 680.

 

Indic, Avestan (Y: Young-Avestan, as marked in Blažek (pers. e-mail of jan, 2012))

1891: CC: Cappeller, Carl A Sanskrit-English dictionary Bostin, Ginn and Co., regrettably used to compile the unreliable ewy.

1961: Burrow, T and M.B. Emeneau: A Dravidian etymological dictionary. [BSOAS 26-02]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961. “DEDR”, Incorporated in Drat.

1962-1966: Tu : Turner, R. L. (Ralph Lilley), Sir. A comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press. Includes three supplements of 1969-1985. Incorporated in M.Mayrhofer, V.Blažek, and elsewhere.

1969: Schindler, J. Die idg. Worter fur 'Vogel' und 'Ei'. Die Sprache 15: 144-67.

1987: SV: Sharma, Aryendra / Vermeer, Hans J.: Hindi-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, Julius Groos Verlag, 2. Aufl. Unreliable: Refer too frequently to “Skt. word”, not contained in Pokorny, nor Mayrhofer.

1993: MG: McGregor, R.S, ed. The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford university press. 1993 (indirectly via ewS).

1992-2001:Mh: Mayrhofer, Manfred: Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. Heidelberg: Winter. I(1992), II(1996), III(2001). M: in citations from SV, for outdated Mayrhofer KEWA.

2000: St = Starostin. His list differs in some point from the the specifying descriptions in Swadesh 1952-5 (for he gives burn as transitive, instead of intransitive), and the final Version of Swadesh 1971, for he gives ‘breast’ instead of the plural.

2000: Wit: Michael Witzel, Harvard Univ. The home of the Aryans.pdf; via http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2008/114

2001: Lub01: Lubotsky, Alexander: The Indo-Iranian Substratum. In: Carpelan, Christian; Parpola, Asko; Koskikallio, Petteri (Eds), EARLY CONTACTS BETWEEN URALIC AND INDO-EUROPEAN: LINGUISTIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seura, Helsinki, Finland, 2001.

2003: MW: Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, via URL http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/u.html, state of 03/27/2003. Or, http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/mwquery/ (2008).

2006: Skj: Skjaervo, Prods Oktor. Old Avestan index.pdf, via http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/OldAvestan/. With sources/references!

2010: BH: Václav Blažek & Irén Hegedűs: ON THE POSITION OF NURISTANI WITHIN INDO-IRANIAN. pdf.

cont: Lub(otsky) via URL http://www.indo-european.nl/ied/index.html (Since mid of 2011 no longer accessible); his encodings are extremely difficultly to retrieve. I have not found the meaning ‘all’, neither as “match substring”, nor “match beginning”; best worked “IE meaning”, and “page Pokorny”. The reason for many missing words is given in Lubotsky 2001, namely that he is not sure about their IE origin. The Starostin Font is no good idea, because it is extremely difficult to type and compatible with nothing.

cont: VeN: http://vedabase.net/.  With attestations!

cont: Who: http://worterbuch-deutsch.com/worterbuch-deutsch-hindi.html

cont: DraSt: Dravidian etymological database via http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\drav\dravet, “Compiled by George Starostin on the basis of the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary by T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau, with extensive modifications of the existing reconstruction and various new comments from the compiler. The database is quite detailed, with a large subset of subordinate etymologies for various sub branches of Dravidian.”

cont: SO: http://www.sanskrita.org/wiki/index.php/. (Explanations to Monier-Williams)

cont: sa: http://dictionary.sensagent.com/ for possible loan sources as e.g. Persian.

cont: SH: Jonathan Slocum and Scott L. Harvey: Avestan: English Meaning Index at http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/aveol-EI-X.html of jan, 2012

cont: :bbl: http://en.bab.la/dictionary/hindi-english/ in both directions, often false English, ‘good’ only noticed as {noun}!).

cont: ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Hindi_Swadesh_list. In spite of being sometimes based on the well-known work of McGregor (1993), the Hindi translations are often unreliable and had to be crosschecked.

cont: ewy:  http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/??Hindi, for many Hindi etymologies, which appears to be archaizing. The Sanskrit is too often based on the outdated -> Cappeller, Carl A Sanskrit-English dictionary Bostin, Ginn and Co., 1891, or Monier-Williams 1898/9.

cont: glo: http://glosbe.com/en/hi/ tries to give options with context, often gives en.wiktionary as source, which itself, however, gives other translations! glo+, if confirmed by correct context sentence.

cont: hiw = hi.wikipedia: In cases, where the primary Hindi term was questionably, a shift from the main entry in de/en.wiki to hi.wiki could settle the situation, e.g. for liver (Regrettably not the etymology).

Unusable, or not recommended sources, because too ambiguous or mistaken:

- The above abbreviation “bbl” must not be mixed up with “Babylon” (http://uebersetzung.babylon.com/deutsch/hindi/), where I encountered completely nonsense translations, e.g. for ‘full’: unusable!

- C|net2- English-Hindi: Too ambiguous, no context for Hindi lexemes. Moreover, that program is resistant to uninstall.

- http://www.shabdkosh.com/s?e=good&f=0&t=0&l=hi is subdivided into noun and adjective and includes pronunciation, but gives no context.

 

Latin and Italian.

1979: Pfister, Max (ed.): Lessico etimologico italiano : LEI / ed. per incarico della Commissione per la Filologia Romanza. Wiesbaden : Reichert.

1979-1999: Cortelazzo, Manlio; Paolo Zolli:  Il nuovo Etimologico. DELI. Dizionario etimologica della lingua Italiana. Bologna : Zanichelli.

2008 (to appear) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. by  Michiel de Vaan  (Leiden University). Leiden: Brill.

 

Scandinavian

For Old Norse (Norrøn) and Old Icelandic

1962,1977: dV: Vries, Jan de: Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Leiden: Brill, 2nd ed. Gives at least some secondary or parallel translations. Writes long vowels with acute.

1971: GE: Gering, Hugo: Vollständiges Wörterbuch zu den Lieder der Edda. Hildesheim: Olms (Nachdruck der Ausgabe vopn 1903).

2008: Hyllested, Adam: Saami Loanwords in Old Norse. In: North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE 55). Odense:131-146. Preprint-pdf.

2003?:Kö: Köbler, Gerhard: The many unexplained expressions (e.g. 27 for “Mann”) are nearly useless. Writes long vowels with makron (dash) above. Must be cross-checked with de Vries.

2012: Harðarson, Jón Axel: pers. e-mail with decision of four difficult forms.

cont.: nr: no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrønt (språk)

 

For Modern Icelandic

1874: Cleasby, Richard; Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary –  “the most comprehensive and authoritative dictionary on Old Icelandic”.[?]

1910: Zoëga, Geir T.: A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic (Recommended by U-Penn, and obviously used by Ringe). Seems outdated, not available to me.

1967: Be: Bergveinsson, Svein: Isländisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. VEB Verl. Enzyklopädie, Leipzig.

2001: Sch : Schmid, Hans-Ulrich:. Wörterbuch Isländisch-Deutsch. Buske. Low standard.

cont.: dc: http://isde.dict.cc/ for modern-Icelandic with good explanations.

cont.: ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Icelandic_Swadesh_list. Unreliable.

 

For Norwegian dialects

2007: Bjorvand, Harald & Lindemann, Fredrik O.: Våre arveord. Etymologisk ordbok. Institutet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, Novus-Forlag, Oslo.

2006: Blažek, Václav: Review of Bjorvand/Lindemann. Linguistica ONLINE, January, 30th 2006. As via http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-005.pdf . ISSN 1801-5336.

cont.: Nob: http://www.nob-ordbok.uio.no/perl/ (= Bokmåls-/Nynorskordboka, Universitetet i Oslo i samarbeid med Språkrådet). Gebrauchsinformationen, keine Etymologien?

cont.: nol: http://norwegianlanguage.eu/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/swadesh_list.pdf  (215 words version “Swadesh list of Norwegian, however, not fully congruent with latest Swadesh).

cont.: nnw: nn.wikipedia/ for Nynorsk

cont.: now: no.wikipedia.org/ for available Bokmål.

cont.: dc: http://deno.dict.cc/ for Norwegian with some good explanations.

 

For Danish, beside the other sources, 

cont.: ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Danish_Swadesh_list. Unreliable. See, however, the better ewy.

cont.: daw: http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/

 

Tocharian:

Primary source:

1999: Adams, Douglas Q.: A dictionary of Tocharian B. [Leiden Studies in Indo-European 10]. Amsterdam/Atlanta GA: Rodopi. Per http://ieed.ullet.net/tochB.html. With page numbers. Verbs as root. “G”(rundverb); “K”(on/subjunctive).

Complementary sources:

1991: Haarmann, Harald: Basic aspects of language in human relations : toward a general theoretical framework [Contributions to the sociology of language ; 59 ]. Berlin [u.a.] : Mouton de Gruyter, p232.

1998: Håkon, Ernst (Ed.), Language Change; Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics. [Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 14]. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin. p87: "According to Laroche, in his onomastical study of 1966, the movement of Luwians from what the Hittites calle the Low Country towards the capital was of massive size and the Hittite people became slowly Luwianized."

2002: (Rn) = Ringe, Don, 2002: “The Indo-European word lists”. The parallel wordlists of 24 oIndo-European (IE) languages used in the Ringe, Warnow, Taylor 2002 paper (PDF), as available at www.cs.rice.edu,~nakhley,CPHL,. oInternal date 2007-07-05. Containing 421 concepts.

2002(?): (RiS) = Ringe “Screened IE dataset” without date, still on http://www.cs.rice.edu,~nakhleh,CPHL, as 2011-08-16. (low standard)

2010: Malzahn, Melanie: The Tocharian Verbal System. Brill

2011: Blazek, Tocharian Studies

2012: (Mal) =Malzahn, Melanie.  The second one to branch off? – The Tocharian lexicon revisited. Handout from “Etymology and the European lexicon. 14th Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellschaft, Kopenhagen, Sept 2012.

cont: Mal =Malzahn, Melanie, A Comprehensive Edition of Tocharian Manuscripts (CETM) A continued edition of Tocharian material: URL http://www.univie.ac.at/tocharian/?conference

cont.: Slocum_Jonathan; Krause_Todd_B : Tocharian online: English meaning index. http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/txbol-EI-X.html

cont.: Wiktionary as of http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Tocharian_B_Swadesh_list. Most links are empty, and if not, there are ad-hoc etymologies without any references. The author Ivan Štambuk has copied exclusively from Ringe. (low standard)