Universal Concepts List (100-words, Swadesh 1971=final) with supposed Proto-Indo-European cognate stems, and their primary, “unmarked” translations in 17 representative old and recent IE languages
(This is the summary list of work in progress at detailed lists, and not thoroughly formatted)
By Hans J. Holm
Important note: This summary is exclusively aimed at glottochronological purposes. This, above all requires finding the most common, popular, everyday, “unmarked” translation for the given test meanings/concepts, which often will neither be the term scientists would choose, nor must be similar with the assumed meaning of the root. Only then the root has to be found, only in order to decide, which translations in the above sense are cognate or not. In most cases this aim does not necessarily require detailed notions of the grammar. Note further that pure loan pronunciations are glottochronologically not counted as replacements.
The list starts per every meaning with the most probable native PIE labels, which are then followed by the isolate forms (orphans); Loans are in[Square brackets]; translations with deviant meaning in brackets. : Cancelled by Ringe in screened list; G =Gap, not securely attested.
Sw | Meaning | Sys Cod | PIE ref. (*omitted) | Source | Assessmt. | Rus | Lit | oIs | Bkm | oIr | rIr | Itn | Lat | Alb | aGr | rGr | Arm | Hit | ToB | Ave | San | Hnd |
09 | all (of a no.) | 01 | wiƙ-wo ‘all’ <(h1)wiƙ/wo | P1175 | +WE | все/ё | vìsa- |
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| - | - |
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| višpa- | viśva |
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09 | all (of a no.) | 02 | s)ol-y,wo- no, mostly ‘whole’ | P24,979 | -distr.: ‘all’ only Grm!) |
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| allir | alle | uile | uile |
| (ultra) |
| (ὅλος) | όλος |
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| (salu) | (haurva) | (sárva) |
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09 | all (of a no.) | 03 | teh₁- ‘schwellen’ | P1080 | Orphan |
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| tutti | (totus) |
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09 | all (of a no.) | 04 | op-1 {n} < h₃ep- | P780 | Orphan |
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| omnēs |
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| (sab) |
09 | all (of a no.) | 05 | sh₂ei- ‘bind together’ (?) | L544 | Orphan |
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| gjithë |
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09 | all (of a no.) | 06 | ƙew-a- ‘swollen’ >pehₐ-nt | P592-3 (auch Adams) | meaning shift; ToB debated |
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| (ἅ)πας, πάν-τες |
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| po(ñc) |
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09 | all (of a no.) | 07 | bʰel-3, bʰol- | not (P120-) | Orphan |
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| bolor |
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09 | all (of a no.) | 08 | no convincing, L < ?! | All sources | loan(?) |
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| [ḫūmant] |
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09 | all (of a no.) | 09 | unknown; L < ? | NOT < sarva! | Orphan |
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| sārā |
83 | ash(es) | 10 | ā̆s(d/g(h))- < h₂é(h₁,₂)s-+g(h) ‘glow, ashes’ | P68,9 | +W+E |
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| aska | aske |
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| (ačiun?) | ḫāss- |
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| ā́sa |
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83 | ash(es) | 11 | ken-2.-nis ‘ashes’ < kh₂,₃en- ‘scrape’ | P559-2. (~P917 ?) |
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| ceneri | cinis |
| (κόνις ‘dust, ashes’) |
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83 | ash(es) | 12 | ĝel- ‘glänzen, helle Farben, glühen’ | P430 ? | Orphan | золá |
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83 | ash(es) | 13 | polh₁- | P802;St899;ewS;Bi | Orphan | (пепел) | pelenaĩ |
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83 | ash(es) | 14 | lou(H)- < lewh2,3- ‘waschen’ | P692 (687 ?) | Branch orphans |
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| lúaith | lúaith |
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83 | ash(es) | 15 | s)k̑ih₁-n ‘shine’? | P917 ? | PAlb. sk̑ino- |
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| hi(ri) |
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83 | ash(es) | 16 | dʰegʷʰ- | L133,P240-1 | Orphan |
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| τέφρα |
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83 | ash(es) | 17 | stag ‘t drop’ (nose)? | L592; 1010-1 ? | Orphan |
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| στάχτη |
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83 | ash(es) | 18 | s)meukh- ‘smoke’ | w Staro P971; Mrt. no entry; ewy nEty | Orphan |
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| moxir |
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83 | ash(es) | 19a | dʰou(hx)-ro; or L<Turk. tōŕ dust? | Adams96:311; or Bla11:App.1? | Orphan |
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| AB taur (L?) |
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83 | ash(es) | 19b | āter- ‘Feuer, schwarz’ | (P69) | Orphan |
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| ātriiəm |
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83 | ash(es) | 19c | रकषा (rakṣā) ‘damage’ | MhII-423 | Orphan |
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| (bhásman) | rākh |
27 | bark (of tree) | 20 | s)ker-(t) ‘cut off, rind’ | WP938-4. | ?amb. (-Lu) | kora |
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| corteccia | cortex |
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27 | bark | 21 | ĝ(e)I ‘burst’ | Frae ~ (P355) |
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| žievė |
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27 | bark | 22 | bʰer-ĝh- ‘bergen’ >Gefäße? | P145 | Gmc barkuz |
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| borkr | bark |
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27 | bark | 23 | L<Britannic | Lucht | Branch orphans |
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| [rúsc] | [rúsc] |
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27 | bark | 24 | léubʰo- < leu-bʰ.eh₂-2 | P681-.2 >P690; M/A | Orphan | (SHr,R lub) | (lúoba?) |
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| lëvozhgë |
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27 | bark | 25 | bhleu- | P158 | Branch orphans |
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| φλοιός | φλουδα |
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27 | bark | 26 | L <Syriac | ewy | Orphan |
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| [keġev] |
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27 | bark | 27 | Gap | All sources |
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| G |
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27 | bark | 28 | temh₁-, h₁ṇtm(h₁)- ‘cut in’ > enm-+e-+tre | Adams, not in (L625;P1062) | hapax l |
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| B enmetre |
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27 | bark | 29 | Gap | All sources |
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27 | bark | 29a | uolko- ‘bark’ only Vedic | P1139f | orphan |
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| valká |
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27 | bark | 29b | s)kel- ‘schneiden’ | P923-1 | - |
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| (scorza) |
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| (challi ) | chāl |
49 | belly (abdomen, not stomach) | 30 | udero-, udára | P1104 | +W+E |
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| ?ventre | venter |
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| udar- | udára- |
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49 | belly | 31 | bhreu-s1 | P171; La | W only | Брюшко |
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| brú |
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49 | belly | 32 | pl̥H-u ‘full’ <pel-1 | (P799) | Orphan |
| pilvas |
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49 | belly | 33 | gʷet- ‘Rundung’ | P48, Bla | Orphan |
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| kviðr |
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| Bkātso |
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49 | belly | 34 | bʰ(e)w-g | P100 | W only |
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| buk |
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| (? pancia ) | < (pantex) |
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49 | belly | 35 | bholĝ-o ‘bellows’ | P125 | Orphan |
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| (belgr) |
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| bolg |
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49 | belly | 36 | bharekw ‘vollgestopft’ | Ho(P110) | Orphan |
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| barku |
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49 | belly | 37 | gres/gras ‘ver-schlingen’ | P404,L192 | Orphan |
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| γαστήρ |
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49 | belly | 38 | ƙew ‘hohl’ | P593 | Orphan |
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| κοιλιά |
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49 | belly | 39a | L < Georgian? | Mrt- | Orphan |
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| [p’or] |
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49 | belly | 39b | L < ? unattested | All sources | Orphan |
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| [sarḫuwant] |
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49 | belly | 39c | (s)keu-2 ‘bedecken ? | Lub:(P953) | Orphan |
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| (kukṣí) | kukṣi |
49 | Belly | 39d | gwey-to- < gʷih₃wo- ‘Leben’ | (P467-9) | polysemous | (живот) |
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49 | belly | 39e | ab-do-men (Lat) | irrelevant | in medicine | (aбдомен) |
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| (addome) | (abdomen) |
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13 | big (large, cf many, long) | 40 | meĝ-(e)h₂- <m̥g̑h₂-éh₂-m | P708 | +W+E | - |
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| mor | mór |
| magnus | madhe | μέγας | μεγάλος | meç |
| (māk(a) | maz-a | mah-ā́nt |
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13 | big | 41 | bel- ‘stark’ | P96-2 | orphan | большой |
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13 | big | 42 | no PIE ety L <? | Frae93: not P,; | orphan |
| [dìdelis] |
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13 | big | 43 | steh₂-E12 | P1008 | PGmc stōra- |
| (stóras) | stórr | stor |
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13 | big | 44 | gwrendʰ- ‘swollen’? | P485 |
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| grande |
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13 | big | 45 | L <Akkšallannu? Or, solHi; or both !! | (P979 ?) | orphan |
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| (solidus, salvus) |
| (ὅλος?) |
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| [salli] (?) |
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13 | big | 46 | uru-(e)H-tyo- | M/A; Bla | orphan |
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| B orotstse |
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13 | big | 47 | wer-2+dh | Mh: P1167 | - |
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| (vaḍra-) | baṛā |
20 | bird (cf “fly”) | 50 | awei- <h₂(é)wi- ‘bird’ | P86 | +W+E |
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| uccello | avis | (vido ‘Taube’) | (αἰετός ‘Adler’) |
| (hav) | suwai- (hapax)? |
| vaii, vīš | véṣ, váy, ví- |
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20 | bird | 51 | ptēr- ‘wing, feather’ <peth₂-r/n -2 ‘t fly’ | L479,P825 | +W+E |
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| Lu en | éan |
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| (πέτομαιι) |
| ewS tʽṙčʽun |
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20 | bird | 52 | peh3u- ‚klein‘ | P843 | Branch orphans | птица | paũkštis |
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20 | bird | 53 | plew-k ‘t fly’ dissimiltd | (?L488), P837 | Branch orphans |
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| fugl ? | fugl ? |
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20 | bird | 54 | ĝʰāgʷʰ- | P409 | orphan |
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| zogu |
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20 | bird | 55 | h₁,₃er-en ‘(gr) Vogel, Adler’ | P325,6 | orphan |
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| ὄρνις |
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20 | bird | 56 | L <Lat pullus? | ewy no So | orphan |
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| (πώλος) | [πουλί] |
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20 | bird | 57 | No cogn known; L < ? | Klo 987 | hapax |
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| wattei |
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20 | bird | 58 | salamo ‘flying’; L < ? | Adams | orphan |
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| [ṣalamo luwo] |
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20 | bird | 59 | peg- ‘Achsel, wing(ed)’ | P792 | +W+E |
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| (pakṣin) | pakṣī |
20 | bird | 59a | Not applicable | not used | meaning | (орьлъ ‘Adler’) | (erelis ‘Adler) |
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| (oror) | (ḫāras) |
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56 | bite (v) [cf “eat”] | 60 | de(n)ƙ- ‘bite, tear, press’ | L117,P201 | only E |
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| δάκνω | δαγκώνω |
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| tsāk-B ? | (jAv:dạs) | daṁs |
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56 | bite (v) | 61 | kenH-d | P560(559); L- | Branch orphans | кусать | (į)kąsti |
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56 | bite (v) | 62 | bheid- ‘spalten, beißen’ | P116 | Branch orphans |
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| bita | bite |
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56 | bite (v) | 63 | kneh₁ (nur i ZusSetzgn) | P559 | orphan |
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| (cnaïd?) |
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56 | bite (v) | 64 | (s)ker(c)- ‘cut? or Oir benaid +ghredh ? | P938 ? P456 | orphan |
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| báin gréim |
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56 | bite (v) | 65 | h₂merd- | L280 | Branch orphans |
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| mordere | mordēre |
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56 | bite (v) | 66 | L< Lat captiare | Holm 2011 | orphan |
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| [kafshoj]L |
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56 | bite (v) | 67 | No ety given; L < ? | (Mrt -;ews -) | orphan |
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| [kçel] |
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56 | bite (v) | 68 | u̯eh2g/ĝ (?) | L664?,P1110 | orphan |
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| wāk- I | ([kāpar]) |
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56 | bite (v) | 69 | (s)ker-t | P941 | orphan |
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| (khād >) | kat |
91 | black(col) [amb] | 70 | kr̥s-ṇo- ‘black’ | P583 | +W+E, amb | чёрный |
(oPr:kirsnan) |
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| kr̥ṣṇá |
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91 | black | 71 | no resultL <? | Frae197, fehlt P | orphan |
| [júodas] |
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91 | black | 72 | s(w)er-3, dhem | P1052 | orphan |
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| svartr | svart (sort) |
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91 | black | 73 | dheu-bh | P264-1 | orphan |
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| dub | dubh |
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91 | black(col) | 74 | nókʷts-?? (Watkins) | not (P762) | orphan |
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| nero | (niger) |
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| - |
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91 | black | 75 | h₂t(e)r- ‘Feuer’ | P69 | orphan |
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| āter |
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| (ātar-) |
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91 | black | 76 | gu̯hHi-d | Pk488;Ho | orphan |
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| zi |
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91 | black(col) | 77 | mel- | P720 | orphan |
| (Lv:melns) |
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| μέλᾱς |
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| - |
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| (meliná) |
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91 | black | 78 | mau-ro- ‘faded, dark’ | P701 | orphan |
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| μαύρος |
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91 | black(col) | 79a | ƙei-ro-2 Pok: L <Ira | P540-1 | Loan |
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| (ciar) |
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| [se(a)v] | - |
| (syāva ) | śyāmá |
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91 | black | 79b | dhngw-(e)i- ‘dunkel (!)’ | P247f | orphan |
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| t/dankui I |
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91 | black | 78c | ergʷ-ont <h1ṛgʷ ‘dark’ | (P857) | orphan |
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| Berkent |
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91 | black | 79c | ƙei-2 >ƙye-mo ‚black‘ | P540-1 | primary |
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| sāmō/a | śyāmá |
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91 | black | 79d | kāl- ‘spots,white’ | P547? | orphan |
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| [kālā] |
30 | blood n | 80 | es-r̥-o <h₁ésh₂-ro | P343 | +W+E |
| (Lv: asins) |
|
|
|
|
| (aser) |
| (ἔαρ) |
| aryun | ēsḫar- | B ysär |
| ásṛj | - |
30 | blood | 81 | s(u̯)ekʷo-s | P1044; waits for deVaan 2016-06 | Lat in unsourced enwy to above |
|
|
|
|
|
| sangue (?) | sanguis (?) | gjak |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - |
30 | blood | 82 | kreu-< krewh₂ (ewS) | P621 kreu-1 | Branch orphans | кро-вь | krauja-s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 | blood | 83 | bhleu- ‘flow’? uncertain | (P158f | Gmc |
|
| blóð | blod |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 | blood | 84 | wel- | P1144-8A | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| fuil | fuil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 | blood | 85 | sei-/soi- ‘tröpfeln, ) +m | (P889) | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| αἷμα | αίμα |
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 | blood | 86 | wes-3 ‘feucht, nass’ | P1172 “vermutl” Skjaervo kA | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| vohu-tāt/nī |
| [xūn] |
30 | blood | 87 | reƙhÞ- ‘schädigen’ >auf’s Blut ? | (P864,875) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rakt |
31 | bone (oppos. to flesh) | 90 | ost-i- <h₃éstH- | P783 | +W+E |
|
|
|
| (asna) | (asil) | osso | os(su) | (asht-) | ὀστέον | οστό (hwik) | (v)oskor | ḫastāi | AB āy | ast- | ásthi | (asthi) |
31 | bone | 91 | kost- | P616 | orphan | кость |
|
|
|
|
|
| (costa) |
| (κόκκαλος)? | κόκκαλα |
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 | bone | 92 | kost-; here L <Sla | P616 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [kockë] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 | bone | 93 | kaw(ǝ)l- | P537; starling | orphan |
| káula-s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 | bone | 94 | bhei(H)- ‘schlagen/hit’ | P117 | Branch orphans |
|
| bein | [ben] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 | bone | 95 | knh2-mi ‘t gnaw off’ [?] | P559f | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| cnáim | cnámh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
31 | bone | 96 | h₂óst(h₁)?? | No serious ety. SV unreliable | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| haḍḍī |
51 | breasts (fem, Ri. “woman’s”) | 100 | ps(t)ē̆n-o ‘tit(s)’ | P990 | meaning? |
| (aPr: spenis) | (speni) |
| (sine) |
| ( sene) | (sinus) |
| (στῆθος) |
| (seldom: st(h)in) |
| päś-śäṃA/caneB | fštāna | stána | stan |
51 | breasts (fem) | 101 | gʷrandh-/-e (gʷʰrendʰ-) ‘schwellen’ | P485 | orphan | грудь |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 | breasts (fem) | 102 | krū̆t- ‘convex, belly’ | P624 | orphan |
| krūtis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 | breasts (fem) | 103 | bhrew-d,s- ‘schwellen’ | P169,170 | Branch orphans | (brjúcho) | - | brjóst | [bryst] | ( bruinne) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (St:B pratsāko:?) |
| (bṙst) |
|
51 | breasts (fem) | 104 | k̑eHk-4 (n Pedersen) | P522 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| cích | cíoch |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 | breasts (fem) | 105 | childs word <mother | - | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
| mammella | mammae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 | breasts (fem) | 106 | L<Cel (?) | Holm | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [gji]L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 | breasts (fem) | 107 | mad ‘fat, ‘glossy’ | P694 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| μαστός | μαστός |
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 | breasts (fem) | 108 | kor- ‘hängen’? uncertain | Mrt (P573) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| kurçk’ |
|
|
| P( uras) | (chātī) |
51 | breasts (fem) | 109a | dheh₁-ilo ‘saugen, säugen’ | P241f Klo875 | (or < above??) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| došikner | (tētan ) |
|
|
|
|
51 | breasts (fem) | 109b | peg- ‘breast(s)’ | P792 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| ([ucht]) | ([ucht]) | (pectus) | (petto) |
|
|
|
| - |
|
|
|
|
84 | burn (i. not maintainable) | 110 | dhegwh-, ‘verbrennen’[!] | L133,P240 | +W+E (Lu~) | žeč{tr} | dèg-ù/ti (deg-inti) |
|
|
|
|
| (foveo) | djeg |
|
|
|
| (tsäk {vt}) | dažaiti | dáh-ati |
|
84 | burn | 111 | wer(H)-12 ‘(ver)brennen)’ | P1166-12 (≠L689!) | Alternate with 4? | (vьritь) | (vérda) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| vaṙ-im/ vel | u(w)ar-nu |
|
|
|
|
84 | burn | 112 | gwher-t,nu ( ‘hot‘) | P493 | Alternate with 3? | гореть | (gariù ?) |
|
|
|
|
| (fornus) |
|
|
| (ǰer) |
|
|
|
|
|
84 | burn | 113 | 1gwher-t,nu ( ‘hot‘) 2bʰrewh₁ (?) | 1 P493; or 2 Kroo | Alternate with 3? |
|
| brenna | brenne |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
84 | burn | 114 | le-h₂eidh-12 ‘entzünden’ | L259,P652/11-12 | orphan |
|
|
|
| las-aid? |
|
| - |
| αἵθομαι {t/i} |
|
|
| (sälp) |
| (indhé) |
|
84 | burn | 115 | deh₂w- | L104+,P179f | Var of dhegwh? cf warm, hot! |
|
|
|
| (dóïd) | dói-gh |
|
|
| (δαίω, δέδηε ) {t/i} |
|
|
|
| (θaw-/θū) | dunóti |
|
84 | burn | 116 | as-/azd- ‘brennen, glühen’ | P68 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| loiscid? |
| ardere | ārdeō |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
84 | burn | 117 | keh₂w- ‘anzünden, verbrennen’ | L345-1;P595 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| καίω | καίγομαι |
|
|
|
|
|
|
84 | burn | 118 | āter- | P69 | not primary |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ayr-vel |
|
|
|
|
|
84 | burn | 119a | bʰeleg- ‘leuchten’ | L86,P124-5 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| pälk-etär | (saok) |
|
|
84 | burn | 119b | h₂eidh-12 ‘entzünden’ | L259,P11-12 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - |
| αἵθομαι {t/i} |
|
|
| (sälp) |
| (indhé) | jalnā |
84 | burn | 119c | h₁ews- ‘t burn’ | L245,P347f | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| (bruciare, tr) | St: ūrō {t?} | (ethe) | (εὕω) |
|
|
|
| (by-ūvā’re) | óṣ(ati) |
|
80 | cloud (not smoke, fume) | 120 | nébh-(eleh₂/es)-, (h₁)mb(h)-(ro-) | P315f-2 | +W+E, -Lu!] | (nebo-) | debesìs |
|
| nél | (neal) |
| (nebula) |
| νέφος | (σύν)νεφο(ς) | amp | (nepis-) |
| CG(aβrəm) | (abhrá) |
|
80 | cloud | 121 | mighlā- mainly ‘fog’ | P712 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (ὀμίχλη) |
|
|
|
| maēɣa | mēghá |
|
80 | cloud | 123 | el-6 ‘t drift’ +ek ? | proposal: P306 | orphan | о́блакo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 | cloud | 124 | s)k(')ew- ‘bedecken’ | P951 | Gmc skeuja- |
|
| ský | ský |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 | cloud | 125 | s)kep-?- ‘bedecken’ | (P930) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
| scamall |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 | cloud | 126 | sneudh-2 ‘fog’ | P978-2 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
| nuvola | nūbēs |
| (νυθόν) |
|
| - |
| (snaođa) | - |
|
80 | cloud | 126 | h3rei̯H-‘wirbeln, fließen’ +n | Ho (<L305) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| re-ja |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 | cloud | 127 | ( albho ‘weiß’?) | P30 ? | (cf lat albus) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| alpa ? |
|
|
|
|
80 | cloud | 128 | dherg- > dʰṛg-r-u ‘Trübes’ | P252;Adams | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B tarkär |
|
|
|
80 | cloud | 129 | werdʰ- ‘emporsteigen’ | SV (P1167) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bādal |
94 | cold | 130 | ƙel-1 ‘cutting warm or cold’ | P551-1 | W+E |
| šáltas | (hēla) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (սառ- ‚eiskalt‘) |
|
| sarǝta | śíśira |
|
94 | cold | 131 | g/ĝel(ə)-3, w metathesis :algh- <h₂elgh- | P365-3 P32 | +W(+E) | холодный
|
| kaldr | kald |
|
|
| (gelidus) |
| (γελανδρόν) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
94 | cold | 132 | kreu-¹ ‚stockendes‘ ƙeh1,3(u)ero ‘northern wind’ | P621-2; cf.P597 | E only |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| κρύος | c’urt |
| B krośce |
|
|
|
94 | cold | 133 | ou-(g)?- <h₂uh₁-dhr- | P783 | +W+E? |
| (Lv: aũksts) |
|
| úar | fuar |
|
|
|
|
| (oic) |
|
| (aota) |
|
|
94 | cold | 134 | srīg- <s)reh₁ig- ‘Kälte’ | 1004 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
| freddo | frigidus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
94 | cold | 135 | tep ‘warm’ | Ho: L629-1 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ftohtë |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
94 | cold | 136 | bhes ‘to blow’ | Beekes;P146? | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ψυχρός |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
94 | cold | 137 | ei-s-2 <h₁ei-s- ‘ice’ | P503,301-2 | orphan | (īnja) | (ižà)? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ek-una- |
| (isu) |
|
|
94 | cold | 138 | PDra taṇ- ‘cold, grace’ | Ho/DraSt | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (paġ) |
|
|
|
| [ṭhaṅḍā] |
66 | come vi [cf walk, go] | 140 | gwe-m- ‘t come, go’ | L209,P463 | +W+E (-Lu) |
|
| koma | komme | - | - | venire | veniō |
| (LIV:βάσκε!) |
| gal =ek-n |
| B käm- | (ā) ǰam- | (â)gam | ā- (?) |
66 | come | 141 | sed- | L514, P887 | orphan | приходи́ть |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 142 | h₁ei̯- ‘gehen’ | L232, P293-6 | orphan | (pri-jti) | =at-eĩti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ú(w)e |
|
|
|
|
66 | come | 143 | h₂neƙ- ‘reach, go away’ | L232,P293,316 | Branch orphans |
| (oPr: perēi-) |
|
| do-icc | =tag-aim |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
66 | come | 144 | L<Lat venīre | Holm Alb | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [vij] L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
66 | come | 145 | h₁er-(ĝh)- ‘komm-, gehen’ | L238,P326f | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ἔρχομαι | έρχομαι |
| (āri-) |
|
|
|
|
66 | come | 146 | h₂neƙ- ‘erreichen’ | L282-2,P316-8 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ri: ā ǰasaiti, ā aēti |
| ānā |
61 | die vi | 150 | mer- ‘t die, disappear’ | L439,P735 | +W+E, meang | у-мирать
| mir-ti |
|
|
|
| morire | mori- |
| (ἔμορτεν) |
| meṙnel | (mer-t)?[L] | -/- | miriiāite | ṃr/mar- | mar |
61 | die | 151 | dhew- ‘dwindle die’ | P260 | orphan |
|
| deya | [dø] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
61 | die | 152 | gwā- ‘come,go’? gwel- <gʷelh₁- ‘Tod, ’ | L203,P470,1 (P463) | orphan |
|
|
|
| at-baill
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
61 | die | 153 | gwadh-? (above +-d)! | P465 | orphan |
|
|
|
| (bā́id) | faigh bás |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
61 | die | 154 | dhgu̯hei̯- ‘hinschwinden, sterben‘ | L150 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| vdes | (ἔφθι-) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
61 | die | 155 | dhenh1- ‘run off’ | L144,P249 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ἀποθνῄσκω | πεθαίνω
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
61 | die | 156 | ?h₁eƙ/ĝH | L232/4/5? | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| āk(k)- |
|
|
|
|
61 | die | 157 | stre-wg- ‘erschöpft’ | Ad (L605,P1029) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B sruk- |
|
|
|
61 | die | 158 | welh₃- ‘schlagen’, or ‘perish’? | L679,P1144-5 | -meaning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (άλϖναιἡ) |
|
| (walahzi)? | ( A wäl-) |
|
|
|
21 | dog n | 160 | ƙwō-(n) | P632,MBr | +W+E |
| šuõ | hundr | hund | cū | - | cane | canis |
| κύων |
| šun | UR (kuwan-?) | ku | spā | śvā́- |
|
21 | dog | 161 | L <Scyth. <Trk köpek | (ewy) | orphan | [собака] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 | dog | 162 | L <Fr. mâtin <Lat. mansuetus (medieval Wanderwort) | Lu, fr.wiktionary | orphan |
|
|
|
|
| [madra] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 | dog | 163 | L <Lat canis | Holm | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| >[qen]L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 | dog | 164 | s)keu- > pej ‘abgezogene Tierhaut’ | P951 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| σκύλος |
| - |
|
|
|
|
21 | dog | 165 | L <Prakrit? | SV | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - |
|
|
| [kuttā ]L |
54 | drink vt | 170 | pō(i) <peh₃(i)-(lo) | L462,P839 | +W+E Lu! | pi-tь |
|
|
| ibid | ól(aim) | bere | bib- | pī | πί̄νω | πίνω | (əmpem) |
|
| (paitī {fadj}) | pā | pīnā |
54 | drink | 171 | egʷʰ <h₁egʷʰ | L231 P23 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (ēbrius) |
|
|
|
| egu | = yok- |
|
|
|
54 | drink | 172 | gwerh3- ‘verschlingen’ | L211, P474-5 | orphan (cf Alb ‘eat’), |
| gérti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54 | drink | 173 | dhreĝ- ‘ziehen/t draw’ (a drink) | P273 | Branch orphans |
|
| drekka | drikke |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54 | drink | 174 | L < ? | VP-,ewy-,fwy- | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [xmel] |
|
|
|
|
|
54 | drink | 175 | swel-?2 ‘swallow’ | L609, P1045 | Ave only |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| xvar(aiti) |
|
|
99 | dry (adj) | 180 | s)(a)us- <h₂sus- ‘burn’ >’dry’ | P880 <P68-9 | +W+E | сухой | saũsas |
|
|
|
|
| (sūdus) (āridus) | thatë | (αὖχμηρός) |
|
| ḫāt-ant | āsar | huška | śúṣka | sūkhā |
99 | dry | 181 | tr̥s-u,to ‘scorched, thirsty’ | P1078 | -meaning |
|
| þurr | tørr | tīr(im) | tirim |
| (oLa torrus) | (ter) | τέρσομαι |
|
| (tarš-ant) |
| (taršu-) |
| - |
99 | dry | 182 | ƙsē̆-ro | P625 | E only |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ξηρός | ξηρός | čor |
|
|
|
| - |
99 | dry | 183 | seikʷ- ‘ausgießen’ | P893 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| secco | siccus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - |
39 | ear (anat) | 190 | ōu-/ə-/u-s- <h₂(e)ów-s- | P785 | Lu+W+E | ухо | ausìs | eyra | [øre] | (āu) |
| orecchio | auris | vesh | οὐς | αυτί | akanǰ |
|
| (uši) [?] |
|
|
39 | ear | 191 | ƙlew-s-t,verbAbstr | P605 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| clúas | cluas |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| klautsoB |
|
|
|
39 | ear | 192 | stomen <stéh₃-mn ‘Mund’ | Kloekh411 (P1035) | if not orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| istāman |
|
|
|
|
39 | ear | 193 | ghous- ‘t hear’ | P454 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| gao-šō |
|
|
39 | ear | 194 | (s)ker-3 ‘drehen, biegen’ | P935-8 ff ? | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| kárṇa | kān |
79 | earth (soil! opp.to sand, stone; thus not globe, territory) | 200 | dhéĝhom- (P: ĝhðe/om-) | P414, MBr | +W+E | (земля) | (žẽmė) |
|
|
| ithir |
| humus | dhe | χθών |
|
| tēkan | keṃ | zā̊(m) | kṣā́m |
|
79 | earth | 201 | bʰudʰ- | P174 | orphan | почва ! |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 | earth | 202 | dr(H)-u- | P209,Derksen | orphan |
| dirva |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 | earth | 203 | mel-dh | P716-7 | Branch orphan |
|
| mold |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 | earth | 204 | er-t/w- < h₁er-t- | P332-4 | HS -D ? |
|
| (jǫrð) | [jord] |
|
|
|
|
| (ἔρᾱ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 | earth | 205 | tel(H/u) ‘flat’ | P1061 | orphan |
|
|
|
| talam | (talam?) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 | earth | 206 | swol-3 ‘Sohle, Unterstes’ | P1046 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| suolo | (solum) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 | earth | 207 | wedn- ‘scrambled’? | (P1115-1) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (οὖδας) | έδαφος | (getin?) | (utnē) |
|
|
|
|
79 | earth | 208 | pelH-,plā- ‘flat’ | P805 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| hoġ |
|
|
|
|
|
79 | earth | 209 | dher-> dharitrī- | P252-2 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| dhartī |
79 | earth | 209a | not applicable | irrelevant | (semanics) |
|
|
|
|
|
| (terra) | (terra) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 | eat v, [cf tooth] | 210 | ed- < h1éd- [Rasm o-h1d-é-] | L230,P287 | +W+E | ес-ть | (ė́du) | eta |
| (ed- suppl) |
|
| edō |
| ἔδω |
| ute-l | ēd- |
| ađāiti | ád- |
|
55 | eat | 211 | welg-? | L676 ? P1145 | orphan |
| válg-yti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 | eat | 212 | mLat>mnd>dan | K/S; B/V | orphan |
|
|
| [spise]L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 | eat | 213 | pei(H)-(tu)? | P793,Lucht | orphan |
|
|
|
| ith(id-) | ith |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 | eat | 214 | L<OFre mangier <Latmanus ducere | Cor922 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| [mangiare] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 | eat | 215 | gu̯erh3- ‘verschlingen/to swallow’ | L211 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| hë-ngra |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 | eat | 216 | treh3g/ĝ- ‘zernagen’ | L647;P1073 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| τρώ(γ)ω |
|
|
|
|
|
|
55 | eat | 217 | dā-p- < deh₂p ‘zerteilen’? | L104, P175-6 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tāpp |
|
|
|
55 | eat | 218 | “khād not PIE” | P634 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| khānā |
55 | eat | 219 | not applicable | irrelevant | (meaning) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [yuváte]? |
|
55 | eat | 219a | aƙ(ō)- <h₂eƙh₃- ‘t finish up’ | L261, P18 | (meaning) |
|
| (ǣja) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (as-) |
|
33 | egg [cf seed!] | 220 | ō(w)yóm- < eh₃wyom (Lub h₂ōuiom [?]) | P783 | +W+E | яйцо |
| egg | egg | og | ubh | uovo | ōvum | vez-ë | ὠιόν | αυγό | ču |
|
| BH: aēm | (hagey)
|
|
33 | egg | 221 | s)keu-ƙ ‘einhüllen’ | P953 | orphan |
| kiaušìnis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33 | egg | 222 | Gap | All sources |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G |
|
|
|
|
33 | egg | 223 | Gap | All sources |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G |
|
|
|
33 | egg | 224 | L <Mong Өндөг? | Ho | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - na | Ri,St na | [āṅḍā] | [ãṇḍā] |
40 | eye | 230 | okw- <h₃(e)kw- ‘sehen, Auge’; red kwh₃ƙ ‚erscheinen‘ | L297, P775; P638 | +W+E | (oko alt) | akìs | auga | [øye] |
|
| occhio | oculus | syri | ὄσσε |
| akn (ačʿkʿ) |
| A ek |
| ákṣi | ā̃kh |
40 | eye | 231 | here: gel-g ‘little ball’ | P358 | orphan | глаз |
|
|
| rosc? (Pok) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 | eye | 232 | sā́wel- <séh₂wel- | P881 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| súil | súil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 | eye | 233 | AGre ὀμμά-+τιον > | (P776) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (ὀφθαλμός) | μάτι |
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 | eye | 234 | sekw-2 ‘notice,follow’ (s-mobile-form?) | L525,P897-2; K “by lenition” | too seldom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| šākuwa | (sotre) |
|
|
|
40 | eye | 235 | kweƙ- ‘sehen, erblicken’ | L383, P638 ! | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - |
| čašman | (cákṣuṣ) |
|
36 | feather (large, not down) [amb] | 240 | pet-(e)r1,2 < peth₂- >‘for flying’? | P824-6 1,2 | amb |
|
| fjǫðr | fjær |
|
| ( penna) | penna |
| πτερόν | φτερό | pʿetur (?)
| pattar |
|
| (páttra, cf ‘leaf’) |
|
36 | feather | 241 | s)por-no-‘wing, feather’ | P817-2B >P850 | +W+E, (-Lu!) | перо |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| paruwaB | parənəm | parṅá- |
|
36 | feather | 242 | here: pleuk ‘flock, feather’ | P838 | orphan |
| plùnksna |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 | feather | 243 | L < Lat plūma- | Lucht | orphan |
|
|
|
| [clūm] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 | feather | 244 | L < ? | Lucht | orphan |
|
|
|
|
| [cleite] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 | feather | 245 | pleu- ‘fließen’ (cf pleus- ‘Flaumfeder’) | (P836) (P838) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| piuma | < (pluma) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 | feather | 246 | L <Lat penna ‘feather, wing’ | Holm | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [pendë]L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 | feather | 247 | pH3g ‘Schulter, Flügel’ | Lub, P792 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| pãṅkh |
82 | fire | 250 | peu̯ōr- < péh₂-wr- {n inanim} | P828 | +W+E |
| (oPr: panno) | (fýrr) |
|
|
|
| (U.m pir) |
| πῦρ |
| hur | paḫḫur | pūwar |
|
|
|
82 | fire | 251 | e/ognis < h₁(é)ngwi- /Hn̥gʷis (animatum) | P293 | WE{animatum} | огонь | ugnis |
|
|
|
|
| ignis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| agní | āg |
82 | fire | 252 | ai-dh ‘burn’ ? | P12 | Branch orphans |
|
| eldr | [ild] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
82 | fire | 253 | tep-n-os | Lucht: P1069 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| teine | tine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
82 | fire | 254 | bʰoƙ- ‘Flamme, <rot?’ | P162 | uncertain |
|
|
|
|
|
| fuoco |
|
|
|
| (bocʿ) |
|
|
|
|
|
82 | fire | 255 | gu̯her- ‘warm’ | P493 | orphan |
|
|
|
| (air gorn) |
|
|
| zjarr |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
82 | fire | 256 | bhā- ‘shine’ >AGre φῶς >φωτία | (P104-5) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| φωτιά | (krak) |
|
|
|
|
|
82 | fire | 257 | āt(e)r- <eh₂t(e)r- | P69 | orphan | (vátra) |
| (hyrr) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ātarš |
|
|
19 | fish n | 260 | ĝhđū- <dhĝhuH- [cf uga dagu] | P416 | +W+E |
| žuvìs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ἰχθῦς |
| juk-n | (suwais)? |
|
|
|
|
19 | fish | 261 | p(e)isk- [?] | P796 | [only W] |
|
| fiskr | fisk | īasc | iasc | pesce | piscis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 | fish | 262 | rHi ‘striped’? | P859 ? | Slav only | рыба |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 | fish | 263 | L <pisce <Lat piscis | Holm | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| >[peshk] L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 | fish | 264 | ὄψον ‘relish’ | L98,P145,280 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ψάρι |
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 | fish | 265 | L < ? (Hapax) | Klo 635 | typical Loan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [parhu] L |
|
|
|
|
19 | fish | 266 | laƙ-so | P653 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B laks |
|
|
|
19 | fish | 267 | mad- ‘triefen, Mästung’ | P694-5 | Indo-Iranian |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| masya | mátsya > | machlī |
29 | flesh (1955 meat, =Ri.)* | 270 | mēmso- <m(e)h1mso ‘animal flesh as food’ ? | P725 | +W+E; | мясо | mēsà |
|
|
|
|
|
| mīshi |
|
| mis |
| mīsa |
| māṃsá | mā̃s |
29 | flesh | 271 | krewh₂- ‘blood, bloody meat’ | P621-1 | ambiguos |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| κρέας | κρέας |
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 | flesh | 272 | s)kel- ‘cut’ | P925-1 | orphan |
|
| hold |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 | flesh | 273 | L < Dan | BV | Gmc ketwą |
|
|
| [kjøtt]L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 | flesh | 274 | wen-tli- ‘schlagen,verwunden' | P1108 | Branch orphan |
|
|
|
| feóil | feoil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 | flesh | 275 | s)ker- ‘schneiden’ | P938 | Branch orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| carne | carō |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 | flesh | 276 | Gap | All sources |
| - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G |
|
|
|
|
29 | flesh | 277 | Gap | All sources |
| - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G |
|
|
29 | flesh | 278 | (s)kwéhxtis | M/A T63 | idiosyncratic! | - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - |
| (dialects) |
29 | flesh | 279 | not applicable | na | (false meanings) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (vivum) |
|
|
|
|
|
| (gav) |
|
|
64 | fly v | 280 | pet- ‘fly (up), fall’ | L479-2+, P825-2 | +W+E |
|
|
|
|
| eitil |
|
|
| πέτομαι | πετώ | t’ṙč̣- | pattai |
| patǝṇti | pát-ati |
|
64 | fly | 281 | pleu-(k) ‘rinnen, schweben’ | P835 |
|
|
| fljúga | fly | fo-luathar |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| plu(s) |
| (plávatē ) |
|
64 | fly | 282 | leh1- ~pet ~lek- contam | P666 + 673 | orphan | лет-ать | (lė̃kti) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 | fly | 283 | s)rei-d ‘biegen,springen’ | P937(L562) | orphan |
| skr(a)id- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 | fly | 284 | gʷelh₁-ie/o ‘..., throw’ (?) | dV688;ewy-;(L208) | Branch orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| volare | < volo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 | fly | 285 | L < Rmc fluctulāre < Lat fluctuāre | Holm | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [flutúroj] L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64 | fly | 286 | Skt uḍḍayate | SV,ewy | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (St -) |
|
|
| uṛnā |
46 | foot | 290 | pe/od- < pḗd-s, pṓd-s | P790 | +W+E |
| pėda | fótr | fot |
|
| piede | pēs |
| πούς | πόδι | (v)ot-k’ | pat- | B paiyye | pad | pād | pair |
46 | foot | 291 | step- ‘step’ | P1013 | seldom distinguished fr leg | ступня (стопа) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (tat) |
|
|
|
|
|
46 | foot | 292 | kok̑sā- ‘hip’ | P611 | branch orphan |
|
|
|
| (īs)cos | cos |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46 | foot | 293 | L <Lat camba | Holm | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [këmbë] L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
95 | full | 300 | pl̥h₁-nó-s ‘full, t fill’ | P798-D | +W+E | полный | pìlnas | fullr | full | lān | lán | pieno | plēnus | plotë | πλέος |
| li-k’ə |
|
| pərənō | pūrṇá | pūrṇa |
95 | full | 301 | pref+mad- >μεστός ‘full’ ? | (P694) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| γεμάτος |
|
|
|
|
|
|
95 | full | 302 | souh₁/₃-(o)u-? | P1037 (?) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| su(w)u |
|
|
|
|
95 | full | 303 | L < ? | Adams no clear ety. | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [ṣlyaṣṣe] |
|
|
|
Lu +W+E | give | 310 | dō- <deh₃- ‘~’ | L105,P226 |
| да(вать) | dúo(s)ti |
|
|
|
| dare | dō | (Aor da-shë) | δίδωμι | δίνω | ta-l/m |
| wäs- | dadāiti | dá-dāti | denā |
70 | give | 311 | gʰebʰ- ‘fassen, geben’ | L193;P407-9 |
|
|
| gefa | gi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
70 | give | 312 | do +bher ‘carry’ | P223+128 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| do-beir | tabhair |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
70 | give | 313 | h1ep- ‘to grasp, reach’ | L237 | caus h1op-éi̯e- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (j)ap |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
70 | give | 314 | au- < h₁ai̯- (?); or to above? | L229; Kas | Kas:Ety unclear |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| p-ai | (ai-/āyu)? |
|
|
|
97 | good [cf ‘big’] | 320 | e)suH- <h₁esu-s ‘good, complete’ | P1037, P342, | “ |
|
|
|
| (so-, su-L) | (so-) |
|
|
| ἐΰς |
|
| āššu-š | ( kā-suA)?? | (vaŋ)hu | (vá-)su |
|
97 | good | 321 | gʷerH-4 >gʷr̥Htos- 't welcome, praise' | (L210) P478 | questionable |
| gẽras |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| kartseB |
|
|
|
97 | good | 322 | L <Skyth, cf Oss χorz 'good‘ | (P445?)Vasmer? | -meaning | [хороший] |
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| (hu-bađra) | (bhadrá) |
|
97 | good | 323 | ghedh- ‘fit, grown up’ | P423 | Branch orphans |
|
| góðr | god |
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97 | good | 324 | ma-ti- <meh2- | P693 | Branch orphans |
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|
| maith | maith |
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97 | good | 325 | deu-2 ‘verehren’ | P218 | Branch orphans |
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| buono < | bonus |
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97 | good | 326 | meiH- ‘lieblich/mild’ or L < Lat mīru(s)? | P711 ? | undecided |
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| mirë [L?] |
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97 | good | 327 | kal-i/u-2 ‘schön, gesund’ >hom κᾱλός | P524 | orphan |
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| καλός |
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|
97 | good | 328 | labh- ‘fassen > Beute > gut’ | P652 | orphan |
|
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| lav (bari) |
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|
97 | good | 329a | wē̆su- < h₁we-su- ‘good’, {w-infix} | P1174 | W+E, with –su |
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| (fō) |
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| (vásu) |
|
97 | good | 329b | No ety; L < Drav.? | P-;SV-;ewy- | orphan |
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| [acchā] |
97 | good | 329c | bhā̆d- ‘lucky’ & o | P106 | -meaning |
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| (hu-bađra) | (bhadrá) |
|
32 | grease n (anat! 1955 fat=Ri) | 330 | pī-(mo,wo,tu) ‘milk-fat’ | P793f | +W+E -marked? |
|
| f(e)ita | [fett] <Swe | íth |
| (pingue adj) | (pingue) |
| (πῑ-αρ) |
|
|
|
| pīvah | pī́vas |
|
32 | grease, fat | 331 | unknown/ немає |
| Sla orphan | жир |
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32 | grease, fat | 332 | teh₁w-k- >teu-ko- ‘Fett’ | P1081 (Derksen) | Bal-Sla |
| taukas |
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32 | grease, fat | 333 | ‘salted’ bacon | Lu | orphan |
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| saill |
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32 | grease, fat | 334 | L < Gre ἄλειφαρ >adeipar ?? | P- | Branch loans |
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| [adip|e] | [adeps] |
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32 | grease, fat | 335 | dā-mu ‘fluid’ | P175 | Branch orphans |
|
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| - |
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| dhjamë | δημός |
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32 | grease, fat | 336 | leip- | P670-1 | orphan |
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| λίπους |
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32 | grease, fat | 337 | L < Per. چربی (charbi)? | Mrt-;ewy- | orphan |
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| [č̣arp] |
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32 | grease, fat | 338 | * sóg(´h)-n-ós; or rather L <? | Klo805 ‘oil, fat’ | ceremonial word? |
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| [sakan] L |
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32 | grease, fat | 339a | sélp(es)- ‘Butter, Öl’ | P901,M/A97 | -marked! |
|
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| - |
|
|
| (gjalp) | - |
|
|
| ṣalyp(e) |
| (sarpís) |
|
32 | grease, fat | 339b | L < Per. چربی (charbi)? | Mrt-;ewy- | orphan |
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| [carbī] |
32 | grease, fat | 339c | s)meru- ‘t smear, fat’ (ewS) | P966,970 | (devt meaning) | (smetana) |
|
|
| - |
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| (μύρον) |
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32 | grease, fat | 339d | not applicable | irrelevant | (devt meaning) |
| (riebelai) |
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32 | grease, fat | 339e | not applicable | irrelevant | (false meaning) |
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| (bealadh) |
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32 | grease, fat | 339f | not applicable | irrelevant | (false meaning) |
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| (ramhar) |
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32 | grease, fat | 339g | not applicable | irrelevant | (devt meaning) |
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| ( grasso) |
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32 | grease, fat | 339h | L <unknown source | Klo;Kas | “n decidable” |
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| (app-uzi) |
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32 | grease, fat | 339i | mad-t ~ masd ‘t fatten’ and s | irrelevant | (devt meaning) |
|
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|
| - |
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| [talka] (Št)? |
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32 | grease, fat | 339j | ma(s)d-t ‘t fatten’ | P694 ~L422 | (false meaning) |
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| (mḗdas) |
|
88 | green [amb! cf. yellow] | 340 | ĝhel(h₃)i-‘yellowish’? | P429 | +W+E | зелёный | želiù/ žãlia- |
|
| glas | glass |
|
|
| χλωρός |
|
|
|
| Mh zairi | hárita | harā |
88 | green | 341 | ghreH-n ‘grow(ing)’ | P440 | Branch orphans |
|
| grønn | grønn |
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88 | green | 342 | weis-1 ‘sprießen’ | P1133 | Branch orphans |
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| verde | viridis |
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88 | green | 343 | L <Lat galbinus or gilvus | Holm | Loan |
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| [gjelbër]
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88 | green | 344 | πράσον 'Lauch' >AGre πράσινος 'lauchgrün' | P846 | Orphan |
|
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| πράσινος |
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88 | green | 345 | L < ? | ewS, Mrt n ety | Loan? |
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| [kanačʿ] ? |
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88 | green | 346 | L <N-Cauc? | Kass35 | Loan? |
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| [ḫāḫḫall-] |
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88 | green | 347 | L < ? no convincing | enw-; Adams | Loan? |
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| [motartstse] |
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37 | hair | 350 | wol-to ‘wool, hair’ | P1139 | -marked? | волосы |
|
|
| folt | (folt) |
|
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| varəsa |
| bāl |
37 | hair | 351 | pleuk- ‘Flocke, Haar’ | P837 | Orphan |
| pláuka-s |
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| (pula)? |
|
37 | hair | 352 | ƙer(s) | P583-1 | Gmc |
|
| hár | hår |
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37 | hair | 353 | gher- ‘drehen, winden’ | Lucht: ? P389 | Orphan |
|
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| gruaig(ul) |
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37 | hair | 354 | pi-lo ‘filt’ ~pu-lo ‘stiff hair’ | P830 | Orphan |
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|
| pelo | (pilus) |
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| (pula)? |
|
37 | hair | 355 | caput-pilus | P830 | Orphan |
|
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| (capelli ‘of head’) | capill|i |
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37 | hair | 356 | L <MLat cyma or Gre κυ̃μα | Holm | Loan |
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| [qime]L |
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37 | hair | 357 | dhri-gh/kh- ‘Haar, Borste’ | P276 | Orphan |
|
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| τρίχες |
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37 | hair | 358 | mel-4 >μᾱλλον ‚mehr‘ (Haare‘)? | (P720) | Orphan |
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| μαλλιά |
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|
37 | hair | 359 | L < MPer mwd ‘hair’ | (ewyFarsi); Mrt- | cf. Toch. |
| (Lav mati) |
|
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| [maz] |
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|
37 | hair | 359a | L < ? | Klo392;Kas36:iso. | prob Loan |
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| [tetana-] L |
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|
37 | hair | 359b | cf. MPer mwd ‘hair’ | (ewyFarsi);ewS-;Ad~ | Orphan |
| (Lav mati) |
|
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| B matsi |
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|
37 | hair | 359c | kaiƙ/s ‘hair, comb’ | P520 | Orphan |
|
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|
|
| (caesaries) |
|
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|
|
| (śākuA) | (gaića) | kéśa- | (keś) |
37 | hair | 359d | not applicable | irrelevant | (devt meaning) |
|
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|
| (gaona-) |
|
|
48 | hand | 360 | ĝhes-r̥ | P447 | (‘hand’ only E) | - | - |
|
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|
|
| dorë | χείρ | χέρι | dseṙ-k/n | kessar | (t)sar | zasta | hásta | hāth |
48 | hand | 361 | wer-k-3F- ‘winden, gekrümmt’ | P1155 | Bal-Sla | рука = | ranka |
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48 | hand | 362 | hinþan- ‘reach’ incomplete! Thus <Substr <Uralic ket ‘hand’ | Kro; Schri, Holm | Branch orphans |
|
| hǫnd | [hånd] |
|
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48 | hand | 364 | pl̥H-mā | P805 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| lám | lámh |
|
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| (kará) |
|
48 | hand | 363 | meHr, mHnόs, dV:mon-u- | P740-1, dV363 | Branch orphans | ? |
|
|
|
|
| mano | manus | [marr ‘take’] | (μάρη) |
|
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|
38 | head(anat) | 370 | ƙórs- < ƙr̥(ḗ)h₂(s-) head, upper part, horn’ | P574 | only E |
|
|
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|
|
|
| (cerebrum) | (krye t s) |
|
|
|
|
| sarah- | śíras | [sar] (Per>L) |
38 | head | 371 | kap-ut/elo- | P529f | W form,(Lu?) |
|
| hǫfuð | hode |
|
|
| caput |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (kapā́la ‘Hirnschale’) |
|
38 | head | 372 | ghebh-elo (ewS) | P423 | E form |
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
| κεφαλή | κεφάλι |
|
| ( A śpāl ) |
|
|
|
38 | head | 373 | gal-1 >ghōlu-ko-? | P340-1; 350? | questionable | golová | galva |
|
|
|
|
| (calva) |
|
|
| glux |
|
|
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|
|
38 | head | 374 | L < ? | pGoid k(w)enno-m | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| [cenn] | [ceann] |
|
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38 | head | 375 | teƙÞ-ta >testa ‘Schale, Scherbe’ >‘Hirnschale’ | P1058 |
|
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|
|
| testa |
|
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|
38 | head | 376 | L <Vlat coccum ‘berry’ | Holm | (anatomical) |
|
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|
| [kokë]L |
|
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|
38 | head | 377 | h₃ers-r ‘Gipfel’ | [P326-9?] | cf Nussbaum! |
|
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|
|
| haršar |
|
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|
|
38 | head | 378 | h2esteh₁-s/n ‘bone’? | Adams; ewy- | Orphan |
|
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|
|
| [B āśce]? |
|
|
|
58 | hear (v) | 380 | ƙlew-(s) ‘hören’ | L334f,P605-1 | Lu +W+E | slušat |
|
|
| ro-cluine-thar | cluin |
| (inclutus) |
| (κλῦθι!) |
| lse-l |
| B klyaus- | surunaoiti | śr̥ṇṓti | sunnā |
58 | hear | 381 | s)keu-1 | P587 |
|
|
| heyra | høre |
|
|
|
|
| ἀκούω | ακούω |
|
|
|
|
|
|
58 | hear | 382 | g(w)erdh- ‚hören, tönen‘ | L187,P478 | orphan |
| girdėti |
|
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|
58 | hear | 383 | au-8 <h₂weys- ‘hören’ | L288;P78 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
| udire | audio |
|
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|
58 | hear | 384 | L < Lat intelligere | Holm | orphan |
|
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|
|
| [dëgjoj]L |
|
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|
58 | hear | 385 | stéh₃-mn | (P 1035) | meaning change |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| istamass |
| (guš) |
|
|
52 | heart | 390 | ƙḗrd- | P579 | +W+E | serdce | širdìs | hjarta | hjerte | cride | croi | cuore | cor |
| καρδίᾱ | καρδιά | sirt | kard |
| zǝrǝđaiia- | hŕ̥d- |
|
52 | heart | 391 | gu̯hen- ‘t beat’ | L218;Holm | Verbalnomen |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| zemër |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
52 | heart | 392 | h2eh2(e)ri- (??) | Adams |
|
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|
|
|
|
| arañce |
|
|
|
52 | heart | 393 | L <Per. del ‘id’ | SV =ewy | Loan |
|
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|
|
| [dil] |
34 | horn (anim.) [cf head] | 400 | ƙer-(eu-) | P574 | (Lu~) +W+E |
|
| horn | horn |
|
| corno | cornū |
| κέρας | κέρατο |
| karāwar | B krorīya | srū | śṛ́ṅga | sī̃g |
34 | horn | 401 | here : reĝ/g-? | (P854) | Bal-Sla | rog = | rãgas |
|
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|
34 | horn | 402 | L < ? (Basque adar?) | Lu | Branch orphan |
|
|
|
| [adarc]L | [adharc]L |
|
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
34 | horn | 403 | bhren-to- ‘antlers’ | P168 > Holm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bri-ri |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
34 | horn | 404 | unknoen: L < ? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [eġǰewr] |
|
|
|
|
|
93 | hot (vs. cold; 1952: warm) [amb] | 410 | gwher-(mo) warm, hot’ (<ĝwer- ‘glow’) | P493 <P479? | Lu +W+E | žarkij |
| (varmr) |
|
|
|
| (fornus??) | nxehtë | θερμός |
| (ǰerm) |
|
| garǝma | (gharma) | [garm] |
93 | hot | 411 | tep- ‘hot (warm)’ | P1069 | meaning? | (toplъ) |
|
|
| tē | te |
| (tepidus) |
|
|
|
|
|
| (tāpaiti ) | (tap) |
|
93 | hot | 412 | here: ker-3 ‘burn’ | P572 | orphan |
| karštas |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
93 | hot | 413 | keh₂y-t- ‘heat’ | 519 | Branch orphans |
|
| heitr | [het] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
93 | hot | 414 | ƙel-1 2 ‘warm’ | P551 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
| caldo | calidus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
93 | hot | 415 | h1ews- >eus- ‘burn’ | L245,P347 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ζεστός |
|
|
|
|
|
|
93 | hot | 416 | uncertain | ewy | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tak’ |
|
|
|
|
|
93 | hot | 417 | ai- < h₁ay-²? ‘be warm’ | L229,P11,68 | Hit only! |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| a(i)-ant |
|
|
|
|
93 | hot | 418 | h₁n̥-ml̥-(y)o-; cf. Icel. molla '(be) hot'?? or L < ? | Adams not conv.; Mal- | Icl word without ety. not sufft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [B emalle] |
|
|
|
93 | hot | 419 | h1)ews- ‘to burn’ | P347 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| uṣṇá- |
|
01 | I (PrsPrn 1Sg) | 420 | eĝ(h)o(m)- <h₁eĝ(h)-o(m) | P291 | +W+E | ja | àš | ek | jeg |
|
| io | ego | unë(?) | ἔγω | εγώ | (j)es | uk | ñäśB (?) | azǝm | ahám |
|
01 | I (PPr) | 421 | mē (obl) | P702 |
|
|
|
|
| mé | mé |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| maĩ |
62 | kill v (cf die!) (Ri-L | 430 | gwhen- ‘beat, (kill only E)’ | L218,P491 | Lu (+W)+E | - | - |
|
| ( gon-) |
|
|
|
| (θεν- ἔπεφνον) |
| (ǰnjem) | kuen- | - | jainti | hán-ti |
|
62 | kill | 431 | mer(h₂)- ‘die, kill’ | (L439,440),P735 |
|
|
|
|
| (marbaid) | maraigh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (marək- ) |
| māraṇ |
62 | kill | 432 | here: bhiH- | P117 | Orphan | у-бить |
|
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| (interficio) |
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62 | kill | 433 | ĝʰeu-d- ‘umkommen’? | P448?, L- | orphan |
| žudyti |
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62 | kill | 434 | dʰreb- ‘stoßen, treffen’ (?) | L153, P272-3 | Branch orphans |
|
| drepa | drepe |
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62 | kill | 435 | per(g)?, (or h3erg- ?) | P819; L-; P473; L 301 | Orphan |
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| orcaid |
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| (ehar-, harkanem) |
|
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|
62 | kill | 436 | kh₂eyd- ‚schlagen’ >ob-caedo- | (L360),P917 | Orphan |
|
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|
| uccidere | (occīdere) |
|
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62 | kill | 437 | neƙ- ‘t perish’ (?) | P762;M/A98 | meaning?? |
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| necare |
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| (nkäṣ) |
|
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|
62 | kill | 438 | L <SSlav ~u-rasiti | Holm (P1181) | Loan |
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| [vras]L |
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62 | kill | 439a | tƙen- ‘beat’ | L645;P626 fehlt | meaning?? |
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|
| κτείνω | σκοτώνω |
|
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|
62 | kill | 439b | L < “unknown origin” | ewy-; Mrt no entry! | Loan? |
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| [span-el] |
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62 | kill | 439c | kā/əu <keh₂w-2 ‘schlag-, spalt-’ | L345,P535 | Orphan |
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| kau-(ṣäṃ)B |
|
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62 | kill | 439d | (to murder’) | irrelevant | Orphan |
| (užmùšti) |
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47 | knee (bodypt) | 440 | ĝénu-/ĝónu- | P380 | +W+E |
|
| kné | kne | glún | glúin | ginocchio | genū | gjuri | γόνα/υ | γόνατο | cunk’ | genu | B keni | žnū-m | jā́nu |
|
47 | knee | 441 | here: (s)kel-1 ‘to bow’ | P928 |
| колено | kẽlis |
|
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47 | knee | 442 | L <San. <Dravidian | SV454 | Loan |
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|
| [ghuṭnā] |
59 | know (facts)
| 450 | weyd- ‘t behold, notice’ (abstract?) | L665,P1125 | (Lu-!) +W+E | (věditi) | (veidmi) | vita | vite | ro-fitir | tá a fhios ag |
| (vid-) |
| οἶδα |
| gite-m ‘find’ |
|
| vaēđa,vid | véda |
|
59 | know | 451 | ĝ(e)nē/ō- <ĝne(i)h3 ‘recognize, know?’ | L168,P376 | meaning | знать | žinóti |
|
|
|
| (conoscere) | (g)nōscō | (njoh) | (ἀγνοέω, γιγνώσκω) |
| (cancay) | kaness | (knā(n)A | (xšnā ‘recogn’)) | (jñā ) | jān- |
59 | know | 452 | seh₁p- ‘wahrnehmen’ | L519;P880 | orphan |
|
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| sapere |
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59 | know | 453 | sekH- <skh₁-i-‘abtrennen’ | L524;P895-6; dV545; Kas45 | orphan (Hit polysem.) |
|
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| scio |
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| (sākk-) |
|
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59 | know | 454 | dhei̯H- ‘see, regard’ | L141,P243 | orphan |
|
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| dī |
|
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59 | know | 455 | wreh₁- ‘find’ >(ἐξ)-ευρίσκω | L698,P1160 | orphan |
|
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| ξέρω |
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59 | know vi | 456 | s)ker- ‘to cut’ | P938-45 | orphan |
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| B kärs- |
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59 | know | 457 | irrelevant | irrelevant | (devt meaning) |
| (pa-žì) |
|
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59 | know | 458 | Mrt no ety | P727 ?? | (devt meaning) |
|
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| (imanal) |
|
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|
|
25 | leaf (of plant) | 460 | bhel-4 <bʰleh₃- ‘leaf, blossom’; | P122-4 | +W+E |
|
| (blað) | blad |
|
| foglia | folium |
| φύλλον | φύλλο |
|
| B pilta |
|
|
|
25 | leaf | 461 | L <Scythian? cf oInd r/liśati ‘pluck’ <h₁reiyƙ- ‘reißen’ | (L504) | Bal-Sla =substratum | [лист] | (laĩškas) |
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25 | leaf | 462 | leup/bʰ- ‘abreißen’; or leh₁p- ‘flach’ | P690; P679 | debatable |
| P lapas | lauf |
|
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25 | leaf | 463 | <dʰol-yom <dʰol- 'blühen, grün' | P234; not L132 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| duille | duille |
|
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25 | leaf | 464 | gwos-d- ‘foliage, branches’ | P480 | Orphan |
|
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| gjethe |
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25 | leaf | 465 | 1. pter- <pet ‘fly’?? 2. L <cSyriac ṭarpā ‘id.’ | 1. Mrt.false “t’er-“ 2.ewy w Refs | 1. not conv.; 2.Loan |
|
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| [terew] |
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25 | leaf | 466 | L <? ‘leaf, foliage’ | Kas46;Klo645 | Orphan |
|
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| parstu- 16 |
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25 | leaf | 467 | wel- ‘rupfen’ ? (cf bhel-) | (P1139) | Orphan |
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|
| Y varəka- |
|
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25 | leaf | 468 | ‘foliage’? | Mh II-103 no ety | Orphan | (бӕлас) |
|
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| [palāśa] |
|
25 | leaf | 469a | pet-2 ‘fall down, fly’ >feather (of tree) ? | P826(5) | Orphan |
|
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|
| (páttra)> | pattā |
25 | leaf | 469b | ‘pinion, feather >leaf’ | ewy | (devt meaning)? |
|
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|
| (parna)> | (paṇṇa) |
25 | leaf | 469c | h₁u̯erb- ‘twig’ ? | HVB8.56a; (P1153-3B) | (devt. meaning)? |
|
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| (hurpašta-) |
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|
67 | lie (recline, rest) | 470 | legh-, vt>i | L398,P658 | +W+E | ležatь |
| liggja | ligge | laigid | luigh- |
| (Fl: lecet) |
| (λέκτο) |
|
| (lagari, Pok alone) | B ly-äk |
|
|
|
67 | lie | 471 | ƙei- ‘lie, home’ ? | L320,P539; Kas47 | -only E |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| κεῖμαι |
|
| ki- |
| saēte | śay, śḗtē |
|
67 | lie | 472 | gol-1 ‘to lie’ vi! | P402 | Orphan |
| gulėti |
|
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|
67 | lie | 473 | ye-k- ‘speak, beg, joke, ’ ? uncertain | (P502,3) | Orphan |
|
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|
|
| giacere | iaceo |
|
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|
|
67 | lie | 474 | sterh3-, pres str̥-né | L599 | Orphan |
|
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|
| shtrihem |
|
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|
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67 | lie | 475 | Unknown | ewy-; fwy- | Loan? |
|
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|
| ξαπλώνω |
|
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|
|
67 | lie | 476 | No ety L < ? | ewy, Mat | Orphan |
|
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|
| [paṙkel] |
|
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|
|
67 | lie | 477 | leh₁-d- ‘lassen’ (?) >San leṭyā | L400:P666 | Orphan |
|
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|
| leṭnā |
67 | lie | 478 | keu-b < ?ƙeubh₂ ‘rest’ | L357?,P5902 | (dvt meaning) |
|
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|
| (cubō) |
|
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53 | liver | 480 | yḗkw-r̥(t-) < (H)yḗkw-r̥- | P504 | +W+E |
| (yeknā) |
|
|
|
|
| iecur |
| ἧπαρ |
| leard, lyard |
|
| yākarǝ | yákr̥t | yakṛt |
53 | liver | 481 | pekw- ‘t cook, bake’ metathesis | (P798) | Bal-Sla | печень | kẽpenys |
|
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53 | liver | 482 | leip-¹ ‘m Fett be-schmieren’ ? | P670(504) ? | Branch orphans (Nostratic?) |
|
| lifr | lever |
|
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53 | liver | 483 | L < ? | LU: unknown substrate | Branch loans |
|
|
|
| [áe] L | [ae] L |
|
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|
53 | liver | 484 | ficus ‘Feige’ > iecur fīcātum 'fig-stuffed liver' | P504 | L-Prägung <Gr. |
|
|
|
|
|
| fegato |
|
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|
53 | liver | 485 | L < Got milt; via Itn milzi? | Holm | Loan |
|
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|
|
| [mëlçi]L |
|
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|
53 | liver | 486 | σύκον ‘fig’ | ewy | calque of Lat. ficatum |
|
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|
| συκώτι |
|
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|
|
53 | liver | 487 | L< Hattian | Klo 525 | Loan |
|
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|
| [lessi] L |
|
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|
|
53 | liver | 488 | udero > udstṛyo- | P1104;Adams |
|
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|
|
| B wästarye |
|
|
|
14 | long | 490 | del-5 < (d)l̥h₁nghó-s | P196,7 | +W+E | dlinnyj | ilg-a | langr | lang |
|
| lungo | longus | gjatë | δολιχός |
|
| taluki |
| darǝga | dīrghá | (dīrghá) |
14 | long | 491 | wozdh- | P1113 |
|
|
|
|
| fota | fada |
|
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|
14 | long | 492 | mh₂ḱrós ‘lang, dünn’ | P699 |
|
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|
|
| μακρύς |
|
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|
|
14 | long | 493 | deu-3 ‘to advance, extend’ <dweh₂ro- | P219-20 |
|
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|
| (j)erkar(in) |
|
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|
|
14 | long | 494 | bʰṛĝʰ-ró | P140f | E; meaning |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (barjr ‚tall‘) | (parkus ‘tall’) | B pärkare | (bərəzant ‘tall’) | (bṛhant) |
|
14 | long | 495 | le(m)b- ‘harabhängen’ >Sanlamba +kaḥ ‘long’ | (P655-660) |
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - |
|
|
| lambā |
22 | louse [Ri only i list] | 500 | lū̆-s- | P692 | +W+E | вошь (Луиш bio) | utė̃-lė | lús | lus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (luwa) | St,Ri - na | yūkā | jū̃ |
22 | louse | 501 | L ><Bas sorri? or vv |
| Orphan |
|
|
|
| [sar]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
22 | louse | 502 | mēlo- ‘kleines Tier’ | Lucht: P724 | Orphan |
|
|
|
| (míl étgudo) | míol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 | louse | 503 | pezd- ‘stinken’ | P829 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
| pidocchio | pēdi(culu)s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 | louse | 504 | merh2- ‘zerdrücken, to squeeze’ | L440 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| morri |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 | louse | 505 | dhghe-r- | P487 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| φθείρ | ψείρα |
|
|
|
|
|
|
22 | louse | 506 | ereƙ/gh- ‘Laus’ | P335 ✓ | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pok(ergjiz) |
|
| (v)oǰil |
|
|
|
|
|
22 | louse | 507 | Gap |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
| G |
|
|
|
|
22 | louse | 508 | L < ? |
| Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [B pärśeri] |
|
|
|
22 | louse | 509a | špeža (Mper), no further ety | BH,Bla, not Skj | Branch orphans |
|
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
| spiš- |
|
|
22 | louse | 509b | knid; cf. Gmn. Nisse* | irrelevant |
|
|
|
|
|
| (cnis) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 | man (adult male human) cf person | 510 | a)ner- <h₂nḗr-1 | P765-1 | only E? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (Osc:nerum) | (njeri) | ἀνήρ | άνδρας | (P: air) |
|
| nar | nár | nar |
17 | man | 511 | wī̆ro-s- ‘power, hero, warrior’ | P1177 | only W? |
| výras | (verr) |
| fer | fear |
| vir |
|
|
|
|
|
| (vīra) | (vīrá) |
|
17 | man | 512 | manu-s ‘man’; perhaps <dhéĝhom- (P:ĝhðe/om-) | P700; (P415) | meaning! | mužčina |
|
| mann |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (mánu-) |
|
17 | man | 513 | ĝerH- ‘grown-up’ | P391 | Orphan |
|
| karl |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 | man | 515 | dhéĝhom- (P:ĝhðe/om-) | P415 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| uomo | (homo) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 | man | 516 | bhu̯eh2- ‘to be/ dwell’ | Holm <L98 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| būrrë |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 | man | 517 | tġa ‘boy’ <Syriac +mr̥tó-s | ewy w sources | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tġamard |
|
|
|
|
|
17 | man | 518 | pes, peisnis? | P796,824-3; Kas51 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| pesan |
|
|
|
|
17 | man | 519a | neƙ- ‘umkommen, ver-schwinden’ >’Vergänglicher’ | L451,P762 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B eṅkwe |
|
|
|
17 | man | 519b | Not Applicable | irrelevant | (devt meanings) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (mašya) |
|
|
17 | man | 519c | Not Applicable | irrelevant | (devt meanings) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [ādmī] |
10 | many n [NOT: full, big, much] | 520 | pelu-D <pelh1,3- ‘much’ | P800-D | +W+E |
|
| (fjǫl) |
| il- | a lán |
| (plēnus) |
| πολύί | πολ-ι |
|
|
| paru | purú |
|
10 | many (plural!) | 521 | meH-4 ‘more’ > mHen(gh)- ‘plenty’ | P704-4 >P730 | -meaning | многие |
| margir | mange |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
10 | many | 522 | meĝ(h)-‘big’ | P708 etc. | (cf “big”) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (μέγας) |
|
| mēkki 24 | māk(a) 24 | (māk-) | (máhi) |
|
10 | many | 523 | dheugh- ‘to give much’ | P271 etc. | Orphan |
| daũg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 | many | 524 | mel-4 ‘groß’ | P720 etc. | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
| molti | multi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 | many | 525 | L <Lat summu(s) | Holm Alb | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [shūmë]L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 | many | 526 | L < ? | (Pok,VP, Mrd) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [šat] |
|
|
|
|
|
10 | many | 527 | bhn̥ĝh-u- ‘thick, dense’ | P127 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (bahú) | bahut |
73 | moon | 530 | mē-(nōt) ‘Mond’ | P731f | +W+E |
| mė́nulis | máni | måne |
|
|
|
|
| (μήνη) |
|
|
| mañ;meñe
| mā̊(ŋha-) | mā́s |
|
73 | moon | 531 | leuk- ‘to shine’ | P687-9,=L | cf gre white | лунá |
|
|
|
|
| luna | lūna |
|
|
| lusin |
|
|
|
|
|
73 | moon | 532 | s)kand- ‘Mond, ‘leuchten’ | P526 | -marked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| hënë |
|
|
|
|
|
| (candrá-) | cā̃d, chānd |
73 | moon | 533 | peig ‘Flecken habend’? | P794-1 | orphan |
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|
| ésca |
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|
73 | moon | 534 | ǵʰelh₃- 'to shine'; or gel- ‘id’ | P429; P366; not L- | orphan |
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|
| gealach |
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|
73 | moon | 535 | swel- ‘schwelen’ > σέλας (selas) “light, glow” | P1045-2 (?) | orphan |
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| σελήνη |
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|
73 | moon | 536 | sbʰeng- ‘glänzen’ >AGre φέγγος 'moonlight' >φεγγάριον{Dim} >φεγγάριν | P989-90; L512 | orphan |
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| φεγγάρι |
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73 | moon | 537 | h₁(o)r-mo-? unclear | Klo206;Kas | Branch orphan |
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| arma |
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86 | mountain [not universal, amb] | 540 | gwerH-3 | P477-3 | +W+E | гора | (nugarà) |
|
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|
| (gur) | (δειρός) |
|
|
|
| gairi- | girí |
|
86 | mountain | 541 | kel-1, kl̥n-is ‘Hügel’; (~ƙloi-?) | P544-1 | -meaning? |
| kálna-s |
|
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|
|
| (collis) |
| (κολωνός) |
| le(a)ṙ(n)? | (kalm-ara)?? |
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|
86 | mountain | 542 | perli-s ‘Fels/rock’ | P807 | Branch orphans |
|
| fjall | fjell |
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86 | mountain | 543 | s)lei-bos ‘cliff’ | P363,663,960 | Branch orphans |
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|
| slíab | sliabh |
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| (sar ‘summit’) |
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|
86 | mountain | 544 | men-1 emerge’ >mn̥-t- | P726-1 | only Ke-It |
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|
| (moned) | - | montagna | mōns | - |
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|
86 | mountain | 545 | mel-8 ~mol ‘elevation’ | P721-8,725 | seldom |
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|
| (mell) | - |
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| mal-i |
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|
86 | mountain | 546 | h3er- ‘to (a)rise’ | Oet;P328 | orphan |
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| ὄρος |
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|
86 | mountain | 547 | bh(e)u: ‘to blow up’ | P98? | orphan |
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| βουνό |
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86 | mountain | 548 | Gap | All sources |
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| - |
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| G |
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|
86 | mountain | 549 | L < ? | Adams: no convincing | Loan? |
|
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| - |
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| [B ṣale] |
|
|
|
86 | mountain | 549 | pér-ur/un >San parvata | hi.wiki!ewy~; (Klo) |
|
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|
|
| - |
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|
|
| (peru-n ‘rock’) |
| (paurvat-) | (parvata) | parvat |
86 | mountain | 549 | meaning ‘rock’ (!) | Not hi.wiki! | (dvt meaning) |
|
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| - |
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|
| (pahāṛ) |
42 | mouth | 550 | ōws-(t)- <h1eh3-os- ‘mouth, estuary’ | P784-1 | +W+E | (usta) | (austo) |
|
|
|
|
| ōs |
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|
|
| á(y)is |
| āh/åñh/åŋh-ânô | ā́s |
|
42 | mouth | 551 | wer-6 ‘schwören’;cf OCSl rota ‘Eid’ | (P1162) | orphan | рот |
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42 | mouth | 552 | bher-3 ‘pierce’ +ug | P134,145? |
|
| burnà |
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|
|
| beran |
|
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|
42 | mouth | 553 | menth-2 ‘kauen; Mund’ | P732-3 2 | Branch orphans |
|
| munnr | munn |
|
|
| (mentum) |
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|
|
42 | mouth | 554 | gʷet- ‘lip, mouth’ | P480/481 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| bél(ā) | béal |
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|
42 | mouth | 555 | L < ? “motivi discussi” | Cor226;dV76Sub | Loan |
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|
|
| [bocca]L3< | (bucca) |
|
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42 | mouth | 556 | L <Lat gula | Holm | Orphan |
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| [gōjë] L |
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|
|
42 | mouth | 557 | stomn | P1035 | Branch orphans |
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|
| στόμα | στόμα |
|
|
|
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|
|
42 | mouth | 558 | ĝ/gʰan- ‘klaffend öffnen’ | (L193,P411) | Orphan |
|
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|
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|
| koy(n) |
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|
42 | mouth | 559 | L < PDrav. mujt? | (P751) | Loan? |
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|
|
| (mukha) | [mũh] |
45 | nail of digits (not followg Sw’ change to ‘claw’) | 560 | onogʰ- <h₃(e)nogh- ‘nail, claw’) | P780 etc. | +W+E meaning? | nogotь | nãgas | nagl | negl | ingen | ionga | unghia | unguis | - | ὄνυξ | νύχι (+) | eġung | sankuwāi | mekwa | (I-I nakh- nur Per) | nakh | nakh |
45 | nail(s) (claw) | 561 | kent- ‘stechen’ ? | P567 ? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| thua (çapua) |
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|
|
45 | nail(s) (claw) | 562 | ƙer-eu | BH (P574) |
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|
|
|
| BH: srū- |
|
|
45 | nail(s) (claw) | 563 | Not applicable L < Ira? | irrelevant | (devt meaning) |
|
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|
|
|
|
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|
| [čank]? |
|
|
|
| [changul]- |
100 | name [uninf] | 570 | enómṇ- <h₁néh₃-mn̥ ‘name’ | P321 etc. | +W+E | имя | (emnes) | nafn | [navn] | ainmm | ainm | nome | nōmen | émër | ὄνομα | όνομα | anun | lāman | ñem | nāma(n) | nā́man | nām |
100 | name | 571 | wer-6 ‘to speak’ | P1163 | orphan |
| vardas |
|
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| - |
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|
|
50 | neck (not nape) [difficult] | 580 | mon-o/i- ‘neck, nape?’ | P747 | weak |
|
|
|
| (muiné) | muineál |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| manaoʮrī | (mányā ), manaoθrī |
|
50 | neck | 581 | kwol-so- <‘turn’, seldom ‘neck’ | P639 (<L386) | only West |
| kãklas | hals | hals |
|
| collo | collum |
|
|
|
|
| [ś-?] |
|
|
|
50 | neck | 582 | skabh- ‘to prop up’?; or s)k(h)ai- ‘beat’? | (ru: P916; 917?) | questionable | шея |
|
|
|
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|
|
| (zverk-) |
|
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|
|
| St: griva? (garǝman) | (grīvā́ ) |
|
50 | neck | 583 | gwriH-ueh₂ ‘throat’ | P474 | meaning? |
|
|
|
| brá(i)g(a)e | (braid) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| UT barəša- |
|
|
50 | neck | 584 | L <Balkan-Trk kafa ‘back of head’ <Arb qabba ‘collar’ | Holm Alb | Orphan |
|
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|
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|
| [qafë]L |
|
|
|
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|
|
50 | neck | 585 | anĝh- ‘narrow’ | P42-3 | only Balkan |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| αὐχήν |
| viz |
|
|
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|
|
50 | neck | 586 | lem-2 ‘Schlund’? | (P675) | Orphan |
|
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|
|
| λαιμός |
|
|
|
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|
|
50 | neck | 588 | geut ‘Kehle, Hals’? | P394!; Kas58- | Nacken! |
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ku(wa)ttar |
|
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|
|
50 | neck | 589a | ƙṛh₂s-ní-yom- ‘top of head’ | P575=Adams | Orphan |
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
| krāñi |
|
|
|
50 | neck | 589b | L < Per. گردن (gardan) ‘id’; cf. ave. garəman | SV392, ewy; P474 | Loan |
|
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|
| [gardan]
|
96 | new | 590 | néwo- >new-yo- | P769 etc. | +W+E | новый | naũjas | nýr | ny | nūë, núa | nua | nuovo | novus |
| νέ(F)ος |
| nor | nēwa | ñu-(we) | nava | náva | nayā |
96 | new | 591 | h1ere(i)- ‘freshly coming in motion’ | Holm: P330 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| i ri |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
96 | new | 592 | ken-3, kn̥-yós ‘frisch hervorkommen’ | P563-4 | (devt meanings in Ind-Ira) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| καιν(ούργι)ος |
|
|
|
|
|
|
92 | night | 600 | nó/ekw-t- <néh3kwt- (ori ‘dawn/afterglow’?) | P762 | +W+E | ночь | naktìs | nótt | natt | ?(nocht ) |
| notte | nox | nātë | νύξ | νύχτα |
| (nekuz ‘dawn/afterglow’) | (naktim) |
| (nákt) |
|
92 | night | 601 | kwsep- ‘dark’ | P649; Kas60 | E only |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| išpant |
| xšap | kṣáp |
|
92 | night | 602 | (y)adak§ ‘die | Lucht - | Orphan |
|
|
|
| adaig [L?] | >oíche |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
92 | night | 603 | wekwsperos- ‘evening’ | P1173 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| gišer |
|
|
|
|
|
92 | night | 604 | wes-1 <h₂wes- ‘stay, remain (the night)’ | Adams (L293) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B yṣīye |
|
|
|
92 | night | 605 | rē-5 ‘dunkel’ *lā-2 ‘hidden’ | P853 >651 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (ψέφος) |
|
|
|
|
|
| rāt |
41 | nose | 610 | nā̆s- <Hneh₂-es-? h₂énh₁os-?? | P755; MBr: | +W+E | нос | nósis | (nǫs, nasar) | [nese]<da
|
|
| naso | nāsus, nāris |
|
|
|
|
|
| nāh | nā́s- | nāk |
41 | nose | 611 | nebʰ-² ‘bersten’?? | (L448) | PGmc (s)nab- |
|
| nef |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 | nose | 612 | spren- ‘spüren/ Sporn’ | P992 | Branch orphan |
|
|
|
| srón | =srón |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 | nose | 613 | (s)keu̯- | Holm <P951 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| hūndë |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 | nose | 614 | ser-1 | P909-10 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ῥίς [L?] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 | nose | 615 | mu-t- (cf Lit mùtė ‚Maul‘ ?) | (P751) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| μύτη |
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 | nose | 616 | L <Khinalug кӏыт-ы́р ? | ewy w ref; Mrt.- | Loan <>Cau. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [ k’itʽ ] |
|
|
|
|
|
41 | nose | 617 | L < ? “obscure” | Kas61-; Klo- | Loan ? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [ titita ] L |
|
|
|
|
41 | nose | 618 | mel- ‘Erhöhung’ (against Adams: “unlikely”) | (P721) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| meli |
|
|
|
08 | not (‘comparable’) | 620 | ne-1 ( ku̯o) | P756-1 etc. | +W+E | не | nè, ni | ne |
| ní, na[ch] | ní | non | nōn,nĕ- | nūk | (νε-) |
| - | na-tta | (a(n/m)-) | na(ēda) | ná | nahī̃ |
08 | not | 621 | eitt- (‘one’{neuter})+ki (neg suffix); L < Dan | Kus (P284-6) | Orphan |
|
|
| [ikke] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
08 | not | 622 | *ne) h₂oyu kʷid, 'not what ever' | ewy w refs; Mrt | debated |
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
| οὐ(κ) |
| (vo)č- |
|
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|
|
08 | not | 623 | οὐ-δέν | (P1164) | Orphan |
|
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|
|
| δεν |
|
|
|
|
|
|
08 | not | 624 | mē-1 | P703 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (mos) |
| (μη(ν) | (mi) |
| AB mā- | (mā-) | (mā-) |
|
11 | one (numeral) | 630 | oi-nos- < h₃éy-nos [?] ‘single’ | P284-6 | +W+E | один | víena- | einn | en | ōen | (a h)aon | uno | oinos |
| (οἶνη) |
|
| [ai-ka = L < Mit] |
| aēva | éka | ek |
11 | one | 631 | sem-2 < s(ḗ)mih₂- (rather ‘unified’) | P902 | -meaning, -distr |
|
|
|
| - | - |
| (semper) | një | εἷς | ένα(ς) | mi, mēk | (ēs?) | sasA, seB |
|
|
|
11 | one | 632 | so, si | Goe; Shields |
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
| šiya | “?” |
|
|
|
85 | path, road, (not street) [amb] | 640 | pn̥t-h₂- ‘path, bridge’ | P808 | +W+E | (ппть) |
|
|
|
|
|
| (pons) |
|
|
|
|
|
| pantā̊ | pánthā |
|
85 | path | 641 | i-tā-r < h₁ey- ‘go, way’ | P294f; etc. | >PCel bow-itro |
|
|
|
|
| bóthar |
| (iter)? |
|
|
|
| itar | ytār {f} |
|
|
|
85 | path | 642 | weg̑h- ‘to draw, drive’ | P1119 |
| - | - | vegr | vei |
|
|
|
| ūdhë |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 | path | 643 | dheragh- ‘to draw along’ | P257 | Orphan | доро-га |
|
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
|
85 | path | 644 | kel-5-eu ‘path’ | P548->554 | Orphan |
| kẽlias |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
85 | path | 645 | sent-u | Lu: P908 | Orphan |
|
|
|
| sét |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 | path | 646 | weyh₁/wī-3 ‘Weg, Reihe’ | deVaan:P1123-4 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| via | via |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 | path | 647 | sed- ‘gehen’ | p884-7 B | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ὁδός |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 | path | 648 | der-/drem- ‘Lauf’ | P204 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| δρόμος |
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 | path | 649 | L < Ira *čarana-parθ <*per+tus | Mrt. no ety | Loan composition |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [čanaparh] |
|
| (parθ-) |
|
|
85 | path | 649a | ser-1’strömen, verfolgen’ >saraka (San) ‘line of road’ | (P909) ewy | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| saṛak |
85 | path | 649b | not applicable | irrelevant | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (pal-sa-) |
|
|
|
|
18 | person (human individual; cf man | 650 | manus- | P700 | +W+E | (muž ‘man’) |
| maðr | menns-ke |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| mašya | mánu-s | (manushya) |
18 | person | 651 | dhĝhém-on- (West) | P414-5 | ‘earthen’ |
| žmōgù-s | (gumi) |
| duine | duine | uomo | homō |
|
|
|
|
|
| (tēkan) |
|
|
18 | person | 652 | s)kwel- ‘crowd, people’+weyk (?) | Der:P640, P38-3 | Orphan | чело-век |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (kulam) |
|
18 | person | 653 | a)ner- <h2ner-1 ‘Mann’ | P765 (L267) | meaning change against ‘MAN’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| njeríu |
|
| anj |
|
|
|
|
|
18 | person | 654 | andher- ‘stopplig’ +ops ‘Gesicht’ | P41 | ‘man’ person |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ἄνθρωπος | άνθρωπος |
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 | person | 655 | h₁n-dhuéh₂-; & s | P640, P38-3 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| antuwaḫḫas |
|
|
|
|
18 | person | 656 | gwyeh₃- ‘leben’ +mo | Adams: (L215;P467-9) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B śaumo |
|
|
|
18 | person | 657 | vyakt (San), no ety | na | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| vyakti |
18 | person | 658 | mer(H)- ‘t die’ | P735 | only E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (μορτός?) |
| mard | - |
| (maša) | (márta) |
|
18 | person | 659 | Not applicable | na | (semantics) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (fravaši-) |
|
|
76 | rain n | 660 | a)wer(s)-9c4 < h₂(e)wér-; ~next s-mob? > | P80-1-9c4 | +W+E |
|
| (ūr )? |
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|
|
|
| (vrëndë) |
|
|
|
|
| vāra | varṣá | bāriś |
76 | rain | 661 | seu-<sew(H)- | L545,P912 | only E |
| (oPr: suge,sūjē) |
|
|
|
|
|
| shī | (ὑετός ‘shower’) |
|
|
| sweseB |
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|
|
76 | rain | 662 | dus- ‘bad’ | P227 | Orphan | дождь |
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76 | rain | 663 | lei- ‘gießen, fließen, tröpfeln’ | P664 f | Orphan |
| lietù-s |
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|
76 | rain | 664 | (H)reĝ- ? >PGmc regna- | P857,?498 | Branch orphan |
|
| regn | regn |
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|
76 | rain | 665 | bher-2 ? | P132 | Orphan |
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| bráen |
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|
|
76 | rain | 666 | a)u r- ‘water, rain,’; or feraid (Oiri) ‘grant, supply’ | (Lu? P80f) | < mIr ferthain ‘give,pouring’ |
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|
|
|
| (N) fear-thainn |
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|
76 | rain | 667 | plew- ‘waschen’ | P835-7 | Branch orphan |
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|
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|
|
| pioggia | pluvia |
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|
76 | rain | 668 | meregh | P738 | Branch orphan |
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|
| βροχή | βροχή |
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|
|
76 | rain | 669 | L < ? | ewy: unknown; Mrt- | Loan? |
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| [anjrew] |
|
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|
|
76 | rain | 669 | h2eih₃-(e)u- | Klo340;Kas65 “looks archaic” | Vart. of awer? |
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|
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|
| ḫē(y)u- |
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|
|
87 | red | 670 | reudh- < (h₁)rewdh-ró- ‘red’ | P872 | Lu +W+E |
| raũd(on)as | rauðr | [rød] | (rūad) |
| rosso | ruber |
| ἐρυθρός |
|
|
| ratreB | raoiđita | rudhirá | lal (?) |
87 | red | 671 | krās <kreh₂s-3-s- ‘Glut’ | P572 | Orphan | красный |
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87 | red | 672 | dher-g(h)-o ‘murky, dirty’ | Lu: P251 | Branch orphan |
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|
|
| derg | dearg |
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87 | red | 673 | L <Vlat. coccu(m) | Holm Alb | Loan |
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| [kuq] |
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87 | red | 674 | L <?>Vlat. coccu(m) | ewy | Loan |
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| [κόκκινος] |
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87 | red | 675 | L <Per.* karmīr | ewy | Loan |
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| [karmir] |
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87 | red | 676 | L < ? ‘red wool’ (!) | Klo583; Kas | Loan |
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| [mit-]? |
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|
26 | root | 680 | w(e)rād- < wh₁reh₂d- ‘Zweig, Rute, Wurzel’ | P1167 | Lu +W+E | - | - | rót | rot | frēn | fréamh | radice | rādīx | rrënjë | ῥίζα | ρίζα | - | (su?) | ?witsakoB | varšak |
|
|
26 | root | 681 | k(ʷ)or(H)-5-en- ? or L<? | (P573) | uncertain | корень |
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26 | root | 682 | ƙak-2- branch, peg’ | P523 | Orphan |
| šaknì-s |
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26 | root | 683 | or/er-3 ‘t rise’ | P326-3 | Orphan |
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| arm-at |
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26 | root | 684 | s-wer- ‘Pfahl’ | P1050-3 | Orphan |
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| surka,i |
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26 | root | 685 | mū-lo ‘Wurzel, Pflanze’ | P750 | Orphan |
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| mū́la |
|
26 | root | 686 | ĝen-t ‘Ursprung’? >jaṭā (I-I) | P373 ff |
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| jaṛ |
98 | round [amb, out of 22 in WP:] | 690 | s)ker-3egh- ‘bent, circular’ | P935- 3 | meaning? | круглый |
| kringlóttr |
| cruin(n|d) | cruinn |
| (curvus) |
| (κίρκος) |
|
|
|
| P skarəna |
|
|
98 | round ? | 691 | gel-1 ‘t cling > round object’; gHū-l | P357f-1 P396-d | (Lu~) |
|
|
|
| - | - |
| (globus) |
|
|
| klor |
|
|
| (gula) |
gol |
98 | round | 692 | wel-7 ‘to turn’ | P1143(40) | Orphan |
| Kr: apvalùs |
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|
98 | round | 693 | L <Fre<Spa>Arb arobt? | Klu/Seeb | Branch orphans |
|
|
| [rund] L |
|
| rotondo | rotundus |
|
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|
98 | round | 694 | L <Gre ῥύμβος ‘Kreisel/top, gyro’ | Holm | Orphan |
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|
| [rrumbull]L |
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|
98 | round | 695 | strengʰ- ‘straff, beengt > drop’ | P1037 (L604) | Branch orphans |
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|
|
|
| στρογγυλός | στρογγυλός |
|
|
|
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|
|
98 | round | 696 | Gap | Klo-;Kas- |
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|
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|
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|
|
| G |
|
|
|
|
98 | round | 697 | Gap | Klo-;Kas- |
|
|
|
|
| - | - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G |
|
|
|
98 | round | 698 | ŭer- ‘t turn’) | P1156f | Orphan |
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|
| vartula |
|
98 | round | 699 | Not applicable | irrelevant | (semantics) |
|
|
|
| - | - |
| (vorsus) |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
98 | round | 699 | Not applicable | irrelevant | (semantics) |
|
|
|
| - | - |
|
|
|
|
| (Ri bolorak?) |
|
|
|
|
|
78 | sand (as opp. to earth) | 700 | bhes-1 crush(ed)’; ~ iconic w followg | P145-1 | E; Itc debated |
|
|
|
|
|
| sabbia | (sabulum ‘grober S’) |
| ψάμμος | άμμος | av-az |
|
|
|
|
|
78 | sand ? | 701 | pēs-2 ‘sand’ | P824 2 | ?? | песок |
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
| pąsnu-(Mh) | (pām̐sú) |
|
78 | sand | 702 | er-4,5 <h1er- ? | P326f P332-4,5 | cf earth! |
|
|
|
|
|
| (rena) | (h)arēna | rërë [L?] |
|
|
|
| (below?) |
|
| ret |
78 | sand | 703 | mel-1 ‘to grind’ | P717 | W? |
| smė̃lis |
| (cf got malma) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78 | sand | 704 | ?samh̥xdhos | M/A | [L<Uralic?] |
|
| sandr | sand |
|
| (= sabbia ?) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
78 | sand | 705 | L <unknown source | Lucht; ewy- | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| [gainem] | [gaineamh] |
|
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|
|
78 | sand | 706 | Gap | no source |
|
|
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|
|
| G |
|
|
|
|
78 | sand | 707 | speculative | (Adams) | orphan |
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B warañce |
| (vāluka-) |
|
78 | sand | 708 | ƙik-2 ‘fein(er Regen)’; cf ƙiƙer- ‘pea’ | Lub (P598) ? | orphan |
|
|
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|
|
| síkatā |
|
71 | say [undeci dable!] | 710 | sekw-2 ‘say’ (cf next) | L526 2,P897 | Lu! +W+E |
| (pa)sakýti | segja | si |
|
|
| (-sequ) |
| (ἐνέπω) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
71 | say | 711 | wekw- ‘say’ | L673,P1135 | (only E) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (voco) |
| (εἶπον) |
|
|
| B we | vak | vákti |
|
71 | say | 712 | kwe(H)ƙ- ‘to show’ | P638-9 | orphan | сказать |
|
|
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|
71 | say | 713 | bher- >plab- | P128,831 | only kel |
|
|
|
| as-beir | abair |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
71 | say | 714 | deyƙ- ‘sagen’ | L108,P188-9 | Branch orphans | (говорить) |
|
|
|
|
| dire < | dīcō |
|
|
|
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|
|
71 | say | 715 | k̑eHs- ‘anweisen/to advice’ | Holm (L318) | Orphan | (говорить) |
|
|
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|
|
| them |
|
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|
|
71 | say | 716 | bheh₂-2 ‘t speak’; | L69,P105-2 | -Lu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (fārī) |
| φημί |
|
|
|
|
| (bhana-) |
|
71 | say | 717 | aĝ-2 <h₂eĝ- +w above? | L256,P290 | (Lu~) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (ai(i)ō) |
|
| λέ(γ)ω |
|
| (aks-)? |
|
|
|
71 | say | 718 | mlewh₂- ‘speak’; | L446,P--- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ase-/ml |
| (palwam) | mrao-mi,mrû- | bravī- |
|
71 | say | 719a | ter- ‘sprechen’ | L630,P1088-9 | Orphan | (tor-tor-) | (tar) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tē(r) | (St: träṅk-A) |
|
|
|
71 | say | 719b | unknown | ewy | Orphan |
|
|
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|
|
| kahnā |
71 | say | 719c | werh₁- ‘reden’ | irrelevant | (‘talk’) | (говорить) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (ἐρέω) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
71 | say | 719d | memʰ- reduplication? | (P725);(Kas71) | ‘tadeln->say?’ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (μέμφομαιι) |
|
| NH (mema) |
|
|
|
|
57 | see (to look) [cf to know] | 720 | w(e)yd-2 ‘t catch sight, t know’ | L665,P1125-2 | +W+E | виде(ть) | (oLi: véizdmi) |
|
|
|
| vedere | video |
| (εἶδον) |
|
| (au-s) |
|
|
|
|
57 | see | 721 | sekw- ‘t see, spot’ | L525,P897;Kas diff. | +W+E |
|
| sjá | se |
|
|
|
| shoh |
|
|
| saku-wāye,a- |
|
|
|
|
57 | see | 722 | derƙ- ‘t look at’ | L122,P213 | +W+E |
|
|
|
| {ad-condairc} | -- |
|
|
| (δέδορκεν, δέρκομαι) |
| tes-nel |
|
| darəsəm | (darś-) |
|
57 | see | 723 | med- ‘(er)messen’ | P705 | Orphan | (smotri) | (pa)matyti |
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
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|
|
57 | see | 724 | ĝwerH- ‘to be hot, shine’ | P479 | Orphan |
| žiũrě́ti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57 | see | 725 | kwei- ‘wahrnehmen’ | L377, P636 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| ad-chi | = feicim |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
57 | see | 726 | L < ? | ewy-; frwy-;P- | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [βλέπω] | [βλέπω] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
57 | see | 727 | leuk- blaze ?? | P687;Blažek | Orphan |
|
| (līta?) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| AB l(y)äk |
|
|
|
57 | see | 729b | speƙ/ĝ- ‘t watch’ ~ ?peHs- ? | L575,P984 (L459?) | +W+E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (speciō) | (pashë) | (σκέπτομαι) | - |
|
|
| (spas, pišiiei-?) | paś-yati |
|
57 | see | 729c | kʷeƙ ‘sehen, erblicken’ | L383,P638-9 | Orphan |
|
|
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|
| dekhnā |
57 | see | 728 | not applicable | irrelevant | (meaning) |
|
| (līta?) |
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
| UT,Ri vaēna- |
|
|
57 | see | 729a | kʷeƙ ‘sehen, erblicken’ | L383,P638-9 | (meaning) |
|
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|
|
| caš | cáṣṭe ‘blickt‘ |
|
24 | seed n[not universal] | 730 | séh₁-(men) | L517,P889 | only W | семя | sėklà |
|
|
|
| seme | sēmen |
|
|
|
|
| AB sārm |
|
|
|
24 | seed | 731 | se-(g)-lo-1 | P887 |
|
|
|
|
| síl | síol |
| (seges) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
24 | seed | 733 | prews- ‘spritzen’? sper-/spor | (L493?) L580 | questionably |
|
| frjó | =frø ? |
|
|
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|
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|
|
24 | seed | 734 | sper- t scatter’; or L < Lat far(īna) ‘flour, spelt’? | Holm (L580?) | undecided |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [farë] |
|
|
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|
24 | seed | 733 | prews- ‘spritzen’? sper-/spor | (L493?) L580 | questionably |
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
| σπόρος | σπόρος |
|
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|
|
24 | seed | 732 | ƙer-2 ‘wachsen (machen), nähren’ | P577 (!) | Orphan |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| serm |
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|
24 | seed | 734 | L <Sum.? | Haa.;Klo980;(Kas-) | Loan? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [warwalan] |
|
|
|
|
24 | seed | 735 | teuk- ‘Keim, Same, Nachkommenschaft’ | P1085 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| taoxma(n) |
|
|
24 | seed | 736 | No ety L <Munda? cf Indonesian biji ‘id’ | Holm | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
| [bī́ja ] | [bīj] |
68 | sit (vi) | 740 | sed- ‘sit down’ vt. | L513;P884f; etc. | +W+E | сиде(ть) | sēdḗti | sitja | sitte | saidid | sui-m | sedere | sedeo |
| ἕζομαι |
| nst-im | (šišt) | ṣäm- ? | (hiđaiti ) | (sídati) |
|
68 | sit | 741 | ē̆s- <h₁eh₁s- ‘to sit’ vi | L232;P342; etc | only E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (cf as-nus) |
| (ἧσται) | κάθομαι |
| ēs- | āsk | āste | ā́ste |
|
68 | sit | 742 | h₂er-[+ei] ‘anordnen/to arrange’ | Holm (L269) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rri |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
68 | sit | 743 | upa-viśáti- >uvaviṭṭha-/~biṭṭha- (?) | (ewy -); (L669): hiencog.blogspot |
|
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|
|
| [baiṭhnā] |
28 | skin (human) | 750 | s)kū̆-ti- ‘cover’; Lub: skeu(H)-ih₂- ‘skin, hide’ | P951 | +W+E |
|
|
| hud |
| (Kym: cwd) | (b cute) | cutis |
| (σκῦτος ‘skin,leather’) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 | skin | 751 | kaĝo ‘goat’ | P517 | P-Sla | кожа |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
28 | skinn | 752 | L < ? | Fr515, fehlt P | Baltic only |
| [ṓda] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 | skin | 753 | s)kend-no- ‘skin’ | P929 | Orphan,only W |
|
| skinn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
28 | skin | 754 | kni-d-to | Lu: P559-61 |
|
|
|
|
| cnes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 | skin | 755 | s)ker-4 ‘cut,tear off’ | P9384 | Orphan-meaning |
|
|
|
| (croic-) | craiceann |
| (corium) |
|
|
|
| ( kurša)? |
| (čarǝman) | (cárman) |
|
28 | skin | 756 | pél-(n,t)3B ‘cover, (too often ‘hide’) | P803-3B | -meaning | (plená) | (plėnė ‘Häutchen’) |
|
|
|
| a pelle | (pellis ‘Fell’) |
| (πέλας) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 | skin | 757 | lë- +kur = L <Lat corium ‘thick skin, leather’ | Holm Alb | proposal | - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [lëkúrë] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 | skin | 758 | der-4 ‘schinden, zerreißen’ | P206;L119 | Branhc orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| δέρμα | δέρμα |
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 | skin | 759 | L <Semitic/PAA masak | ewy; (Mrt450) | Loan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [mašk] |
|
|
|
|
|
28 | skin | 759f | Gap | Klo;Kas | Gap |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G |
|
|
|
|
28 | skin | 759g | h1ed- ‘t eat’ “possibly” | Adams ?(P287) | only E |
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|
|
|
|
| yetse |
|
|
|
28 | skin | 759h | skē̌i- < sƙheh₂(y) ‘cut’; or | L547,P919 | Orphan |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| suri? | (chavī́) |
|
28 | skin | 759i | ewS2twékos | P1099 | only E |
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|
|
| tvac | tvac- |
60 | sleep (v; [cf lie down] | 760 | drā-m <dreh1- (Lub h2) | L126,128,P226 | +W+E | (drēmyō) |
|
|
|
|
| dormire | dormiō |
| (δαρθάνω) |
|
|
|
|
| drā- |
|
60 | sleep | 761 | swep- ‘fall asleep’ | L612, P1048 | -meaning | спать |
| sofa | sove |
|
|
| (sōpiō) |
|
|
| k’nel | supp- |
| xvaf-na- | (svapiti) | sonā |
60 | sleep | 762 | meigh- ‘to glimmer, twinkle; mist (before the eyes)’ | P712 | orphan |
| mieg-ù/ṓti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (yenum?) |
|
|
|
|
|
60 | sleep | 763 | telH- >tolH-éi̯e- | Lu,L621,P1060 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| con-tuili | =codlaim |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
60 | s(leep | 764 | lei̯h2-i̯é ‘schwinden/to fade’ | Holm (L406) | orphan |
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|
|
|
|
| fle |
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|
|
60 | sleep | 765 | dem- >κατά + εὕ-δωο(ν) ‘at home’(?) | (P198) | orphan |
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|
|
|
|
|
| (καθ)εύδω |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
60 | sleep | 765 | ƙei-1. ‘liegen’ +mo | P539; ewy no ety. | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| κοιμάμαι |
|
|
|
|
|
|
60 | sleep | 765 | klem ‘matt’ | P602 | orphan |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (šeš) | kläntsB | (hahmī ?) |
|
|
15 | small [amb] | 770 | pau- ‘gering’ < péh₁w-ro | P842 | -distr +meaning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| parvus |
| (παῦρος ‘few’) |
| pʻokʻr |
|
|
|
|
|
15 | small | 771 | mei-5>mi-nu- ‘reduce’ | P711-5 | +W+E -meaning | (mьníjь) |
|
|
| - | - |
| (minus) |
|
|
|
|
| ( maiweB:) |
|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | mēlo ‘small (animal)’ | P724 | Orphan | маленький |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | me/oĝ(h)- ‘extreme size’? | (P708-9) | debated |
| mãžas |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | lei-² ‚abnehmen‘ | P661-2 | Orphan |
|
| lítill | liten |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | b(h)eĝh- ‘ohne’? or L < ?; | (P112) | Celtic Loan |
|
|
|
| [becc] | [beag ] |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | “romanico” | Cor1189 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| piccolo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | L <Trk ufaklik ‘tinyness’ <Arb faqīr ‘poor’ | Holm Alb. | Loan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [vogël]L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | smeh1(i)-k- ‘klein, winzig’ | P966 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| μικρός | μικρός |
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | kmb-(e)i-(?); n̥mh2ient (?) | Klo439,171; Kas77 | Orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| kappi (amij-ant) |
|
|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | h3leig/k- ‘dürftig,elend’ | Adams; P667 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (ὀλίγος) |
|
|
| lykaśke |
|
|
|
15 | small | 772 | ƙak- ‘abmagern’ | P521 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| OY kasu- |
|
|
15 | small | 772 | orbo- ‘Waise > schwach, klein’ | P781 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| árbha-s |
|
15 | small | 772 | kseud- ‘klein’ >kṣudrá- | P625 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (kṣudra?) | choṭā |
81 | smoke (n, of fire, not cloud) | 780 | dhuh₂-mós/bh | P261,MBr | Lu+ W+E | дым | dū́mai |
|
| dé | deatach | fumo | fūmus |
| (τῦφος, θῡμάλ-) |
|
| tuḫḫu(wa)i |
| dūta-(?) (mPr:dīt) | dhūmá | dhuā̃ |
81 | smoke | 781 | reu-g? | ?P871-2 | Orphan |
|
| reykr | røyk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
81 | smoke | 782 | L <Gre θυμóς | Holm | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [tym-i]L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
81 | smoke | 783 | kewHp- ‘smoke’ (?) | P596 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| καπνός | καπνός |
|
|
|
|
|
|
81 | smoke | 784 | L < ? |
| Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [çux] |
|
|
|
|
|
81 | smoke ? | 785 | Gap |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G |
|
|
|
81 | smoke ? | 785 | s)meu-gh | P971; Mrt. | -number |
|
|
|
| (múch) | (múch) |
|
|
|
|
| (mux) |
|
|
|
|
|
69 | stand (vi) | 790 | stā/ə- < steh₂- | L590,P1004f | Lu+ W+E | стоять | stōv-ḗti | standa | stå | tair-(ś)issiur | seas | stare | stō |
| ἕσταμεν | στέκομαι |
|
| (K: stäm) | stā,hištai- | stā,tíṣṭha- |
|
69 | stand | 791 | er(i)-3. <h₁,₃er- ‘come into motion’me into motion’ | L238,299,25! P326-9 | {fientive} |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rri (më këmbë) |
|
|
| ar- <h₃r-to |
|
|
|
|
69 | stand | 792 | *gʷeh₂-‘come (to stand)’ ?? | ewy?, Mrt hesitating | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| kangn-el; (not ka-) |
|
|
|
|
|
69 | stand | 793 | kelH ‘aufragen’ | L349,P544 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G: käly |
|
|
|
69 | stand | 794 | kelH- ‘aufragen’, or L < ? | (L349, P544)? P-; ewy- | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [khaṛā hona] |
74 | star | 800 | ster-2 <h₂stḗr- | P1027-2 | +W+E |
|
| stjarna | stjerne |
|
| stella | stēlla |
| ἀστήρ | αστέρι | astɫ | ḫašter | ścirye | stār- | stár | tārā |
74 | star | 801 | ghwoigw- ‘shine, star’ | P495 | Bal-Sla | звезда | žvaigždė |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
74 | star | 802 | L < ? | swy, Lu: no ety | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| [rind] | (rinn) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
74 | star | 802 | ret- +glu? or L < ? | Lu:no ety; (P366) | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| (rétglu) | [réalt(a)] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
74 | star | 803 | h1eus ‘burn, glow’ | LIV245 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ylli |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 | stone (opp. to sand, earth) | 810 | aƙ- < h₂eƙ-‘sharp’ +mōn ‘stone’ | P19 | ? +W+E ? | камень | akmuõ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (ἄκμων) |
|
| (aku ‘sea-shell’) |
| asman, asan- | áśman |
|
77 | stone | 811 | gu̯er- ‘Berg/mountain’ | P477-3 | E ! |
|
|
|
| (bráu) ‘mill~‘ |
|
|
| gūr |
|
|
|
| kärweñeB |
| (grāvan-) |
|
77 | stone | 812 | st(eh2)i- >Gmc staina | P101 | Orphan |
|
| steinn | [sten] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 | stone | 813 | L <Lat clocca | Lucht | Orphan |
|
|
|
| [cloch] | [cloch] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 | stone | 814 | L <Gre or the same substrate |
| Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| [pietra] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 | stone | 815 | lep-3 ‘Fels, Stein’ ? or lep-2 ‘abspalten’; | P678 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| lapis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 | stone | 816 | L < substrate | (Beekes) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [λίθος] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 | stone | 817 | L < substrate | P- | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [πέτρα] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 | stone | 818 | kar-3 ‘hard’ | P531 | Vokal! |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| k’ar |
|
|
|
|
|
77 | stone | 817 | NA4; L < Sum? | HVB1.44b; Haa.: L. | Loan? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| peru(na) L | (pāreṃA) |
|
|
|
77 | stone | 817 | NA4;L < ? ‘pebble’ | Klo650; Kas. | Loan? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (paššila) |
|
|
|
|
77 | stone | 817 | L < ? |
| Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [patthar] |
77 | stone | 819 | lēu- <leh₂u-2 ‘stone’ | P683-2 | ? +meaning |
|
|
|
| (līe)? | - |
|
| (lerë) | (λᾶας)? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
72 | sun | 820 | sā́wel- <séh₂wel- | P881 | Lu+ W+E | солнце | sáulē | sól | sol |
| - | sole | sōl |
| ἠέλιος | ήλιος |
|
| (St below -) | hvar(a) | svàr | sūraj |
72 | sun | 821 | g̑her ‘gl’ or gwher- | P441 or 493 | Orphan |
|
|
|
| grían | =grian |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
72 | sun | 822 | dei̯h2- ‘glänzen/to shine’ | Holm (L108) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| dielli |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
72 | sun | 823 | h₂rew-i- 'sun(shine)' ? | Mrt; P873? | (ori. poetic) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| arev/g |
|
|
| (ravi)? |
|
72 | sun | 824 | L<Hattian estan. | Kas82; HVB1.52 DINGIRUTU-us | L, cf. Hat. estan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [ištanu-] L |
|
|
|
|
72 | sun | 825 | keh₂w-1 ‘anzünden, verbrennen’ | Adams (L345) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| kauṃ |
|
|
|
63 | swim [amb~ float] | 830 | s)nā-<( s)neh₂- ‘t moisten, bath’ | L572, P971 | +meaning |
|
|
|
| snáïd | snámh | nuotare | nat- | nótoj | νέω |
|
|
| B nāsk | nā | [snā́ti ‘badet’] |
|
63 | swim | 831 | pleu-(d,k) ‘t float’ | L487,P798,835 | -meaning? | плыт | plaũkti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (πλέω) |
|
|
|
|
| plu, pláv- |
|
63 | swim | 832 | swem(bʰ)- 'to be unsteady, move, swim' | P1046(?);L-; ewy no source | L <N-EurAs? |
|
| svima- | [svømme] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63 | swim | 833 | L < substrate (?) | unknown | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| κολυμπώ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
63 | swim | 834 | log- ‚bath‘ related?? | P-; Mrt no entry | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| loġ-al |
|
|
|
|
|
63 | swim | 835 | Gap |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G | ( yärA) |
|
|
|
63 | swim | 836 | ter-5/tr̥- < terh2-‘to cross, to overcome’ | L633, P1074-5 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| tairnā |
35 | tail (cf arse!) | 840 | ers-3 ‘buttocks’ + too many forms | P340-3 | ? meaning? |
|
|
|
| (err, er-ball) | eireaball |
|
|
| οὐρά | ουρά |
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 | tail | 841 | peuk- <puk(eh₂)- ‘bushy (tail)’ | P849 (or 827?) | only E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B pako |
| púccha | pū̃ch |
35 | tail | 842 | gwes-to-s ‘Laubbüschel’ | P480 | Orphan | хвост |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 | tail | 843 | od(e)g(w)o | 773 | Baltic |
| uodegà |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 | tail | 844 | kel- ‘tip’ | P552 3 | Orphan |
|
| hali | hale |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 | tail | 845 | keh₂u- ‘hauen, schlagen’ | (P535) ? | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
| coda | cauda |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 | tail | 846 | bhei̯H- > bhi(H)-st-o- ‘schlagen/to beat’ | Holm (L72) | Verbal noun |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bishti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 | tail | 847 | *p > Arm h/0; (unconvincing etys) | Nowhere convincing | late loan <Mitanni?) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [poč] L? |
|
|
|
|
|
35 | tail | 848 | Gap |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| G |
|
|
|
|
35 | tail | 849 | dum(bʰ)-a | P227 = Turner 6419 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| duma |
|
|
05 | that [amb, often undecidable] | 850 | a)u- <h₂eu- ‘that s’ | P73-4 | only E? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| a-i/jó/tá | (αὖτις) |
|
|
|
| hau,ava- | adás,amú | vah |
05 | that [cf “all”!] | 851 | a/ol-(jos)- <h₂el-‘beyond, s’ | P24,25 | (Lu) -meang |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ille (alius) | - | (ἄλλος) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
05 | that | 852 | só, séh₂, tód | P978-9 | Branch orphans | то(т) | tas |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
05 | that | 853 | kHi-r/n? | P609 | Orphan |
|
| hinn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
05 | that | 853 | L <Dan þann{akk} < sá | P1086f | orphan |
|
|
| [den, det] L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (noyn) |
|
|
|
|
|
05 | that | 854 | sem- ‘eins’? | Lu: ?P604 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| sin | =sin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
05 | that | 855 | ecce illum? (Vlat) | uncertain | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| quello |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
05 | that | 856 | h₁enos 'that' >(ἐ-{augment} + ƙe- >κε{deictic} ‘here’ +nos) | P609(?) | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ἐκεῖνος | εκείνο |
|
|
|
|
|
|
05 | that | 858 | e(i)-3 | P285(1) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ay-n |
|
|
|
|
|
05 | that | 857 | h₂-b- ? (unclear) | Klo191;Kas85 | cf. Alb, Arm! |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ap/bā- |
|
|
|
|
05 | that | 858 | so-u- > sä-m ? | Adams | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| sam(p) |
|
|
|
04 | this [amb]
| 860 | ƙH(i)e-s ‘this (here)’; dV: g/ĝhe/o-ke >Lat. | P609; Kas86; dV | +distr? |
| šì-s |
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| hic |
| (κε) |
|
| k-ā/ū/i- |
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|
04 | this | 861 | so-,sā-,syo- | P978 | (Lu)? | это(т) |
| sá,sú,sjá |
| so,sa,se | seo |
|
|
| ὅδε (ὁ,ἡ), οὗτος | αυτ-ός | (sa) |
| se | ha(u) | sá(u) |
|
04 | this | 862 | L < Dan | cf ‘that’ | Orphan |
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|
| [denne, dette] L |
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04 | this | 863 | ecce istum ? | uncertain | Orphan |
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| questo |
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04 | this | 864 | ku̯o- +pers. ending | P644 | cf. Hit.! |
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| k-y/jo/ëtá |
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| (k-??) |
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04 | this | 865 | e(i)-3 | P285(1) ! contrad P609 | Orphan |
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| ay-s |
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04 | this | 866 | yá(s)- ‘quae’ > San yá | P283 | Orphan |
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| yah |
44 | tongue (anat) | 870 | dn̥ĝhwā- < dn̥ĝhw(e)h₂ | P223 | +W+E | язык | liežùvis | tunga | tunge | tengae | teanga | lingua | (d)lingua | gjuhë |
|
| lezu |
| kantwo | hizū | jihvā́ | jībh |
44 | tongue | 871 | gloh3gʰ- ‘Spitze, Zunge’ | P402 |
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| γλῶττα | γλώσσα |
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44 | tongue |
| 1.L< Akkad? Redupl.? 2.or onomapoetic? | Klo515; Kas.88. | cf. Akk. lišānu |
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| lāla |
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|
43 | tooth (front? undecidable) | 880 | e)dont/dn̥t- < h₁,₃(é)d-ont- ? | P289 | Lu+ W+E |
| dantìs | tǫnn | tann | dét | (dēt) | dente | dēns |
| ὀδών | δόντι | atamn |
|
| dantan | dánt- | dā̃t |
43 | tooth | 881 | ĝom-bh-os | P369 | W+E, dfct | зуб |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| dhëmbi | (γόμφος) |
|
|
| kam;keme |
| (jámbha-) | - |
43 | tooth | 882 | wes-2 ‘eat’; or L <? | Lu?; (P1171) | orphan |
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| [fiacail] |
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43 | tooth | 882 | keg- ‘Pflock’ | P537;Klo427 | orphan |
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| kaga |
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|
23 | tree (not log) Lu~) | 890 | deru- : (dóru- {n} ‘wood, tree) | P214 | +W+E | дерево |
| tré | tre |
|
|
|
| dru-ri | δένδρον | δέντρο |
| taru |
|
| druma- |
|
23 | tree | 891 | medhio- ‘median’, or L <Finmetsä? | P709-7 | W |
| mẽdi-s |
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23 | tree | 892 | kʷr̥s-‘woods’? | P633 | Branch orphans |
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|
| crann | crann |
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23 | tree | 893 | erHdʰ- ‘hoch, Baum’ | P339 | Branch orphans |
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|
| albero | arbor |
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23 | tree | 894 | L <Hurro-Urart. with ǵr̥s-o- ‘Geflochtenes, Buschwerk’ | ewy <Diakonoff; P392; | Loan |
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| [çaṙ] |
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23 | tree | 895 | steh₂-mn ‘Stamm/treetrunk’ | P1004-8 | Orphan |
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| stām |
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|
23 | tree | 896 | wer-eƙ- ‘Baum, Mast) | P1169 (1154) | Orphan |
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| varəša- | (vr̥kṣá-) |
|
23 | tree | 897 | L < ? |
| Orphan |
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|
| [peṛ] |
23 | tree | 898 | not applicable | na | (meaning) |
|
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| (bile) |
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|
12 | two (num) [uninformative] | 900 | dwō- <dwéh₃(u)-/duwéh₃ | P228 | +W+E | два | dù | tveir | to | dá,dí | dó | due | duo | dy | δύο | δύο | erku | ta | wu | dva | dvā́ | do |
65 | walk (advancing foots alternatively) | 910 | ei-1 <h1ey- ‘gehen’ | LIV232,P293 | +W+E | идти | eĩ-t/mi (vaikščioti) |
|
|
|
|
| ire,eō | ([eci ]) | (εἶμι) |
|
| iya | i-/yä- | aēiti,yeinti | ay- |
|
65 | walk | 911 | ĝhengh- ‘schreiten’ | L175,P438 | only W |
| (žengiù) | ganga | gå | (cingim) | (cinn) |
|
|
|
|
| (g(ə)n-al) |
|
|
|
|
|
65 | walk | 912 | steh₂(m)b(h)/p- ?; cf e ‘step’ | Lu:?P1012 | Branch orphans |
|
|
|
| siblaid | siúlaim |
|
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65 | walk | 913 | debated |
| Orphan |
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|
|
| andare |
|
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|
|
65 | walk | 914 | L < Lat sequor ‘to follow’ | Holm | Orphan |
|
|
|
| tíagu? |
| (camminare) |
| [shkoj] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
65 | walk | 915 | pent- ‘(e Weg) finden’ | L471, P808-9 | Branch orphans |
|
| (fara) |
|
|
|
|
|
| περιπατῶ | πηγαίνω |
|
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|
|
65 | walk | 916 | L < ? kʷel- (+ i-infix) ‘to linger around’? | ewy, Mrt no ety; (P639?) | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [k’ayl-el]
|
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|
65 | walk | 917 | kwel(H)-1 ‘t turn’ | P639- | Orphan |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
| (ἔβη) |
|
|
| (i-, yä-n-) |
| (car-) | calnā |
65 | walk | 918 | h₂elh₂-8 ‘ambulō’ | L264,P27-8 | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (amb-ulō) |
| (ἀλάομαι) |
|
|
|
|
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|
|
65 | walk | 919a | gwe-m/h₂- ‘gehen’; | L205,P463 | Orphan |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (gāt̰) | (gam-/ágāt) |
|
65 | walk | 919n | vaik-ýti ? ‘jagen’ | Frae n ety;(P1128-9) | (‘go on foot’) |
| (vaikščioti) |
|
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|
|
75 | water n [cf rain!] | 920 | wód-r̥ {sing}, auwed-(r)- < h₂wédōr {koll} | P78-9, MBr[F314] | +W+E | вода | vanduõ | vatn | vann | u(i)sce | uisce |
| (Umbutur) | ūjë | ὕδωρ |
| (get) | wādar |
|
| udán |
|
75 | water | 921 | h₂ekweh₂- ‘(running) water’ | P23 | marked, only W |
|
|
|
|
|
| acqua | aqua | - |
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
75 | water | 922 | néwo- >νηρόν (ὕδωρ) | P769 | orphan |
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| νερό |
|
|
|
|
|
|
75 | water | 923 | gʰwer-< gwĝher-? ‘id.)?? | P80c)?; not P487. Mrt- | Loan ? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [ǰur] L? |
|
|
|
|
|
75 | water | 924 | awer- < h₂we(h₁)-r |
| orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| wär | (vāra ‘rain’) | (vā́r ?) |
|
75 | water | 925 | ap- < eh₂p- ‘water, river’) | P51-2 | orphan |
| (ùpė) |
|
|
|
|
|
| - | (Ᾱπ-) |
|
| (hāpa-) | (āp ‘river’) | āfš | (āp-) |
|
75 | water | 926 | pō-no-m ‘drink’ > San pānīya |
| orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| pānī |
03 | we incl | 930 | wéi- | P1114; Kas95 | +W+E |
|
| vit | vi |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| wēs | wes | vaēm | vayám |
|
03 | we incl | 931 | nés, nē̆-s-3 (obl) | P758-3 |
|
|
|
|
| sni | sinn | noi | nōs | ne | (νῶι) |
|
|
|
|
|
| ham |
03 | we incl | 932 | me-1 s | (P702) |
| мы | mẽs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ἡμεῖς | εμείς | me(n)k’ |
|
|
|
|
|
07 | what (Intpron) [uninformative] | 940 | kwí-d < ku̯ei- (kwó-d, kwe-) | P644f | +W+E | что | kàs | hvat | hva(d) | cíd (?) |
| che (ciò) | quid | ç-(farë) | τί | τί | inč (i(z-i) | kui | ku-s/c(e) | ka(t) | kád, kím | kyā |
07 | what (Intpron) | 941 | kwo/u+de? or = above? | (P644,647)+? | orphan |
|
|
|
|
| cad |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 | white [amb] | 950 | ƙwey-d,t- ? | P628 |
|
|
| hvítr | hvit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| spaēta- | śvítna |
|
90 | white | 951 | bhelh₁- ‘shining white’ ?> | P118 | ? | белый | báltas |
|
|
| (belo) |
|
|
| (φαλός ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 | white | 952 | areĝ- < h₂(e)rǵ- ‘white (silver)’ | P64; Kas97 |
|
|
|
|
| (arggat) |
|
| (argentum) |
| (ἀργός ) |
| (arcat) | harki | ārkwi | (ǝrǝzata) | (árju-) |
|
90 | white | 954 | weid- [?] | P1125 | orphan |
|
|
|
| fin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
90 | white | 955 | bʰeh₂- ‘to shine’ | P104 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
| bán |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 | white | 956 | bʰleg- ‘glänzen’ via ‘L <Gmc blank(az) | (L86;P124) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| [bianco] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 | white | 953 | albho- < h₂él-bho- (metath?) | P30 | orphan | (ólovo) | (alwis) |
|
|
|
|
| albus |
|
| (Ἀλουίων) =? | (aɫauni) |
|
|
|
|
|
90 | white | 957 | bherh₁g-o- ‘bright’ | PK139 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| bardhë |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 | white | 958 | leuk-1 ‘leuchten’ | P687 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| λευκός |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 | white | 959 | s)p(h)erHg- ‘hervorkommen, rscheinen’ ? | (P997) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| άσπρος |
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 | white | 959a | ƙwey-t-os ‘bright’ >II; here L < MPer ? | P628-9! (VP, Mrt no ety) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| spitak |
|
|
|
|
|
90 | white | 959b | ƙwey-t-os ‘bright’ >San śvetá | P629 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [safed] |
06 | who (intpron) [uninformative] | 960 | kwi-s <kwei; kwós^; ~ kwus; | ²P646-7; Kas98 (M/A97) | +W+E | кто | kà-s | hverr | hvem | cía | cé | chi | qui(s) | kush | τίς | (o)ποιος | o(v) | kui- | kuse | kō | ká(s) | kaun |
16 | woman | 970 | gwéna- <gwénh₂-; gwenā- <gwenéh₂- | P473f; Kas99 | +W, +E | женщина |
| kona | kvinne | ben | bean |
|
|
| γυνή | γυναίκα | kin | (kuwan) | B sana; B klīye | gǝnā, jə̄naya- | jáni |
|
16 | woman | 971 | mātér- <meh₂tér | P701 | sem shift |
| mṓter-is |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 | woman | 972 | dem- ‘bauen, Haus’ >domin|us/a ‘Herr/in’ | P198 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| donna |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 | woman | 973 | mel- <(h₂)moldus ‘zart’ >Komparariv | (P719) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| mulier |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 | woman | 974 | g̑réh2- ‘ripe, ready (grain, grown up of people)’ | Holm (P390) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| grúa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16 | woman | 975 | L <Per عورت (aurat) ‘woman' <Arb Ara عَوْرَة ‘imperfection’ | ewy | Orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [aurat] |
16 | woman | 976 | not applicable |
| (meaning) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (unatti) |
|
| (nā́rī-) |
|
89 | yellow [amb] | 980 | ĝhel-(h₃)- ‘shine, yellow’ | P429-1 | +W+E | жёлтый | geltṓna-s | gulr | gul |
|
|
| (helvus) |
|
|
|
|
|
| zari- | hari(ta) |
|
89 | yellow | 981 | bhā- >badi̯os | P104; 92 | Orphan |
|
|
|
| buide | > bui |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 | yellow | 982 | L <Fre jaine | ewy (?) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
| [giallo] | [gilvus] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 | yellow | 983 | bleH-wos ‘blond’ | P160 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| flavus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 | yellow | 984 | L < lat viridis | Holm | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [verdhë] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 | yellow | 985 | ƙas- ‘blond,braun/dun-c’? or L < ? | P533 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ξανθός |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 | yellow | 986 | L < Medit. substrate ? | ewy; fwy- | Loan? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [κίτρινος] L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 | yellow | 987 | dhelH-bho- ‘yellow’ | P246-2(ewy) | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| deġin |
|
|
|
|
|
89 | yellow | 988 | L<unknown source | Klo268,Kas100 | green-yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [ḫaḫ-luwant] |
|
|
|
|
89 | yellow | 989a | dʰeu-4- >dʰuhₓt-o/eh₁en ‘covered w dust’ | Adams P263 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| B tute |
|
|
|
89 | yellow | 989b | pel-6 ‘grey, pale’, and peig/k-1 ‘golden, reddish’ > San pīt/va-la | P804 P794 | orphan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (pīta GrS) | pīlā |
89 | yellow | 989c | kenHkó- ‘saflor-gelb’ | P564 | not used |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (κνη/ακός) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
02 | You, 2sg, thou (1955) [uninftve] | 990 | tū̆- <túh₂- | P1097 | +W+E | ты | tù | þú | du | tū | tu | tu | tū | ti | ττύ,σύ | εσύ | du | tu {obl} | B tuwe | tūm, tvə̄m- | t(u)vám | tū |
02 | you | 991 | ti <tih₁ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| zik {dir} |
|
|
|
|
Some remarks upon the lists in general
Regrettably, many translators obviously have difficulties in understanding the intended meaning of Swadesh’s entries, out of several reasons. Swadesh dealt himself (1955, ch.4) exhaustively with many problems involved with his choices and adjusted his items several times to new experience. Further, the explanations and clarifications are hidden in different texts, however, not in the final (posthumous) edition, which is our base, with the exception of “claw”, where it turned out to be better (along with D. Ringe and S. Starostin) to keep the old version “nails of digits”.
To test glottochronology, we have to follow the standard rule, to find and count only the every-day usage to the meaning, in a modern linguistic term, the “unmarked” response. This means that the responses must be valid without additional remarks on narrowing circumstances of special usage.
“R” is our sign for these supposedly unmarked words, retained from the original PIE reference list. Exactly those sharp constraints turned out to be a central problem in constructing the word lists, in particular for the brand-new PIE reference list. Of great help were here the “markedness” analyses of M. Lucht, and the distribution in Western AND Eastern IE retentions.
However, many difficulties remain:
- bark is not well distinguished in many languages, and even unattested in historical languages.
- belly = abdomen. In many dictionaries not well defined, often confused with stomach or womb.
- breasts: is ambiguous in many senses, and many authors did not distinguish between chest, female breast(s, as Swadesh 1971), bosom, or tits.
- claw: Swadesh’s (1955.1971) switch from (finger)nails to “claw” by was a very bad idea, because in practice it is too often (in particular for not well preserved languages) not possible to find the expression for claw and to distinguish these from words for nail. Thus, in this case I returned (with Ringe and Starostin) to the “(finger)nail” version.
- colours are in linguistics known as to be extremely ambiguous, and thus a bad decision of Swadesh. This means that his colors black, white, green, yellow should be cancelled (-5). Additionally, green and yellow can be traced back to the same root. Perhaps ‘sky-blue’ would be unambiguous.
- earth, clearer: soil. Only taking Swadesh’s word field listing makes clear that he meant this in contrast to sand or rock, not the globe.
- feather: The recent derivates support in fact two possible roots, because they often do not distinguish between bird, wing, and fly. Additionally, feather and fly may be based on the same root, P824_2.peth2, which is thus a bad choice.
- foot, leg: often not distinguished (Slavonian), or derived from same root;
- full and many are both often derived from the same root P799 pel-, thus a bad choice.
- flesh = colloquial for biological tissue which consists of skin, fat, skeletal muscles, and organs as opposed to bones, viscera and integuments. Flesh may be used as food, in which case it is called meat, abandoned by Swadesh in favour of the broader, unmarked concept flesh. Because such differences were not made in primitive times, the distinction is difficult and uninformative.
- head and horn are often based on the same root, P574 ker-, which is thus a bad choice. Moreover, horn is perhaps not universal.
- hot, in Swadesh 1955 replacing older warm, raised many misleading differences. Nearly all older studies are incompatible here.
- man =male vs. person =human being. Ambivalent, often not clearly distinguished.
- mountain: This of all, ambiguous and not universal meaning is kept by Ringe.
- round (OD: “presenting convex or circular outline or surface”) is apomorphic in all IE branches and thus cladistical uninformative. Additionally, one possible root is also used to label the concept “neck”.
- sit: Verb intransitive, describing the state, is not maintainable, because the most common word in PIE seems to have been rather transitive.
- swim {v}: It is unclear, whether the clear definition of en.wiki, “biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium”, thus not ‘float’ or ‘bath’, can and should be maintained for PIE.
- tail is not available in many extinct languages.
- that vs. this are ambivalent in many languages, e.g. the Scandinavian ones.
- tree was presumably often not distinguished from its function as fire-wood or log. (Similar cf. flesh, meat). It is irrelevant, in which direction the labelling (onomastic procedure) has in fact proceeded.
- to walk, not in all languages differing from ‘to go’, in particular no PIE stem reconstructable.
Etymological differences:
- nose, l-PIE nā̆s- ; < “original and ablauting PIE” (BS Hansen Kopenhagen 2012)? Or <Hneh₂-es-t-h₂? Or < h₂énh₁os- (Meier-Brügger)
Better universals should be, and additionally be formulated in sentences denoting the context, as professional in lexical field work:
Universal Family relations: son, daughter: Both often available also in historical texts, and why did Swadesh skip father and mother? Because of suspect nursery words? And why are these different in many languages in spite of this?
Universal weapons: Arrow, bow, and string.
Everyday and universal craft tools: hammer and knife (why did he skip ‘knife’?)
Specific colors: sky-blue, grass-green
Universal water source: creek, spring/well.
General Abbreviations: na: not attested, not available; ts transferred sense, thus not fully counted;
Arm(enian), Ave(stan), Grc (Old Greek), Hur(rian), Lit(huanian), Nor (Old Norse), OCS.(Old Church Slavonian, Per(sian), Rus(sian), Skt. (Sanskrit), Syc(Syriac), Urt(Urartian).
References and their Abbreviations in chronological order, hoping that newer ones considered the older ones
General References and their Abbreviations: For the complete subtables, see individual branches, available from the author upon request
1949: BU = Carl Darling BUCK, A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. A Contribution to the History of Ideas. Chicago.
1997: Dyen, I, J Kruskal, and P Black: COMPARATIVE INDOEUROPEAN DATABASE COLLECTED BY ISDORE DYEN FILE IE-DATA1 Original URL cancelled, 2007 only available at wwwwordgumbocom,ie,comp,iedatatxt, as test of this still often used list of very poor quality
1959: P#=Page in Pokorny, J: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, I Band Francke Verlag Bern und München
2000 (?): St: Starostin, Sergej. A. Indo-European wordlist, by courtesy of his son, Dr. Georgij Starostin. In particular reliable for Russian, as by a native Russian speaker and Professor of linguistics.
2001: L#=Page in Rix H, Kümmel M, Zehnder Th, Lipp R, Schirmer B: Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag
2002: (Ri) = Ringe, Don: “The Indo-European word lists” The parallel wordlists of 24 oIndo-European (IE) languages used in the Ringe, Warnow, Taylor 2002 paper (PDF), as available at wwwcsriceedu,~nakhley,CPHL, oInternal date 2007-07-05 Containing 421 concepts
2002:(RiS) = Ringe “Screened IE dataset” without date, still on http:,,wwwcsriceedu,~nakhleh,CPHL, as 2011-08-16
2007: Sta: S.A. Starostin/Georgij Starostin. 224 words for 110 meanings extended Swadesh list, by e-mail from G. Starostin. Contains code for alleged relationships, minus-sign for alleged loans. Some letters in spite of available “Times New Roman Star” not readable.
cont: Wiki(pedia): The required primary translation can often be derived, if there exists a main article in wikipedia AND the target language, in particular, if linked also via a third language of the native speaker. Note that these articles in some cases refer to the scientific use, not the everyday use!
cont: wS: enwiktionaryAppendix Swadesh lists Aside from the problems outlined above, only reliable, if created by native speakers, as eg for Arm, or reliably referenced
cont: L#+ online updates to Rix et al.
cont: Ho: Assessments by Hans J. Holm
cont: Dunn, Michael: IELEX. As long as Dunn describes the Dyen et al. (1997) or Orel by “Reliability: good”, he remains extremely unreliable.
Albanian: (Both with further references)
2009: Holm, Hans J.: Albanische Basiswortlisten und die Stellung des Albanischen in den indogermanischen Sprachen. In: Zeitschrift für Balkanologie, Heft 45-2.
2011: Holm, Hans J.: "Swadesh lists" of Albanian Revisited and Consequences for Its Position in the Indo-European Languages. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 39-1&2.
Armenian (Some questionable cses clarified by own fieldwork 2015). I intend to use the transliteration after ISO 9985, not the classical one.
Main source for Armenian was in particular the in this case excellent http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix: Armenian Swadesh list, except from some not comparable words in the mistaken “Ishtar” list, abbreviated as
cont.: VP: en.wiktionary/Appendix/Swadesh list/Armenian. Here philologically very reliable, because created by Vahagn Petrosyan, a very educated natural speaker and professional interpreter, whom I have to thank for many helpful clarifications.
cont.: e2a: http://www.english2armenian.com/en/dictionary-english-armenian/know.
cont.: glhy: http://glosbe.com/en/hy/ “Englisch-Armenisch Wörterbuch Online.
1836–37: Awetikʿean, Gabriēl; Xačʿatur Siwrmēlean, & Mkrtičʿ Awgerean: Nor baṙgirkʿ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language], in 2 vols, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
1879, 1973: Bdr.: Bedrossian, Matthias. New Dictionary Armenian-English. Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy: Librairie du Liban, Beirut.
1952: Fr.: Froundjian, Dirair. Armenisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. München : Oldenbourg.
1971–79: Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay: Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words], in 4 vols (second edition), Yerevan: Yerevan State University
1975: Hit-Arm loans Greppin_JAC.TXT noch einarbeiten
1999: Av.: Avak, Robert. Armenisch Wort für Wort. [Kauderwelsch Band 119]. 1. Auflage (Teilweise falsche Transliteration).
2009: Mrt.: Martirosyan, Hrach K.: Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary. Brill Academic Pub. Many words missing. Leaves the reader too often with links to references instead of assessing the, or giving own, arguments.
Baltic and Slavic (in chronological order)
1953-58: Vasmer, Max: Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 4 vols.Heidelberg : Winter. = Fas: en.wiki: Vasmer, Max, cited as Fasmer, Maks (1964–1973), “грудь”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačev O. N., Moscow: Progress.
1965: Frae: Fraenkel, Ernst: Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Winter;
1968: Bielfeld, H.H.: Russisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Akademieverlag Berlin (Ost). 6. durchgesehene Auflage. 60 000 Stichwörter/entries.
1968-1973: Ku: Kuršaitis, Aleksandras: Litauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch : Thesaurus linguae lituanicae. Hrsg. von Wilhelm Wissmann und Erich Hofmann. Unter Mitw. von Armin Kurschat und Hertha Krick. Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1985: Mel: Етимологічний словник української мови: В. 7 т./ АН УРСР. Ін-т мовознавства ім. О. О. Потебні; Редкол. О. С. Мельничук (головний ред.), В. Т. Коломієць, О. Б. Ткаченко та ін.— К.: Наук. думка, 1985. Том другий Д/Копці
1992: Kr: Križinauskas, Juozas A.: Vokiečiu̜-lietuviu̜ kalbu̜ žodynas = Deutsch-litauisches Wörterbuch. Vilnius : Mokslas.
1999: Čer: en.wiki: Černyx, P. Ja.: “грудь”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, 3rd reprint, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 222
2008: Der.: Derksen, Rick: Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, ISBN 978 90 04 15504 6, page 500. ISBN 978 90 04 15504 6
2012: Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria: Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian, Seventh printing. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-7818-0151-5
cont.: liw: li.wikipedia for ist seldom entries.
Celtic.
Primary source:
2007: Lucht, Martina: Der Grundwortschatz des Altirischen. Available as pdf at http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss_online. Remarks: The PhD of M. Lucht regrettably did neither refer to the newest list of Swadesh (1971), nor had she read the precising explanations in the cited Swadesh 1955; e.g. for „to burn“ Swadesh unambiguously defined as intransitive, of which Lucht (p76) is unaware, or, old „breast“ has been replaced 1971 by the unambiguous plural, correct in Ringe:
Complementary sources:
1999: C/S = Caldas, Thomas Feito; and Schleicher, Clemens: Wörterbuch Irisch-Deutsch, mit einem deutsch-irischen Wortindex. Hamburg, Buske (poor work).
cont.: EwA: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Irish_Swadesh_list for Modern Irish is unreliable because of both, misunderstandings of Swadesh’s meanings and incorrect translations.
cont.: Ewy: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/(Irish) for etymologies of Old and Modern Irish.
cont.: gaw=http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/, backward via the English edition. Most reliable for Modern Irish, however, very few sites.
cont.: ID = www.irishdictionary.ie/dictionary; with its many examples of usage, the best source for translations from English into Modern Irish.
cont.: Rd = Redwolf, Irish native speaker in the Irish Translation Forum.
Greek.
For Modern spoken Dimotiki Greek
Dyen, I., J. Kruskal, and P. Black (1997): COMPARATIVE INDOEUROPEAN DATABASE COLLECTED BY ISDORE DYEN FILE IE-DATA1. Original URL cancelled. 2007 only available at www.wordgumbo.com,ie,comp,iedata.txt; in the Greek case very reliable!
elw: http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/: Encyclopaedian articles in Greek Wikipedia. Seems to be clined toward Kathaverousa.
ewy: http:en.wiktionary.org,wiki,(Greek) for some etymologies. Better, see fwy.
ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Greek_Swadesh_list for modern Greek: unreliable.
fwy: http://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/(Grec) The French wiktionary in this case has better recherched etymologies than ewy.
gle: http://glosbe.com/el/de/ for modern Greek. Gathered from en.wiki and Omegawiki with additional examples in context = a good proof!
For Ancient Greek:
ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Ancient_Greek_Swadesh_list for Ancient Greek: unreliable.
Hämmig, Annelies: akzessarbeit haemmig-1 dated 2006-10-03 "Autorin Annelies Hämmig lehnt jede Verantwortung ab), via http://www.indoger.uzh.ch/fachschaft/material.html; abgerufen 2014.
1969: Schindler, J.: Die idg. Wörter fur 'Vogel' und 'Ei'. Die Sprache 15: 144-67.
2007: Köbler, Gerhard, Altgriechisches Herkunftswörterbuch online
2010: Beekes, Robert S. P.: Etymological Dictionary of Greek [Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10]. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
2010: Nikolaev, Alexander: „Time to gather stones together: Greek λᾶας and its Indo-European background. In: Procs 21st Ann., UCLA IE Conf. (2009).
Hittite: (K.: also contained in Kloekhorst).
Generally it appears that many authors have not sufficiently tested for borrowings from Indoiranian, Akkadian, Hurrian, and Luwian.
1973[K.]: Ünal, A.: Zum Status der "Augures" bei den Hethitern. In: Revue hittite et asiatique, tome 31, 1973. P. 27-56.
1975: BG : Bergsträsser, Gotthelf (1975): Einführung in die semitischen Sprachen. München: Huber. English version 1983: Introduction to the Semitic languages. Winona Lake, Indiana : Eisenbrauns.
1975-[K.]: HW2 = J. Friedrich & A. Kammenhuber. Hethitisches Wörterbuch. 2nd ed. Heidelberg, 1975-. // Extensive synchronic dictionary of the Hittite language. Ongoing edition.
1977-[K.]: HEG = J. Tischler. Hethitisches etymologisches Glossar. Innsbruck, 1977-. // Etymological dictionary of the Hittite language with analysis of synchronic textual data. Ongoing edition.
1980-[K.]: CHD = The Hittite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago, 1980-. // Extensive synchronic dictionary of the Hittite language. Ongoing edition.
1984-[K.]: HED = J. Puhvel. Hittite Etymological Dictionary. Vol. 1-. Berlin - NY - Amsterdam, 1984-. // Etymological dictionary of the Hittite language with extensive treatment of synchronic textual data. Ongoing edition.
1985 [K.]: Николаев = С. Л. Николаев. Северокавказские заимствования в хеттском и древнегреческом [North Caucasian loanwords in Hittite and Ancient Greek]. In: Древняя Анатолия. Москва, 1985. С. 60-73.
1985[K.], 2006: HVB/Weeks, David Michael Weeks. Hittite Vocabulary: An Anatolian Appendix to Buck's Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. Diss, UCLA. 1985. // A thematic glossary of the basic terms of the Hittite language.
1989: Melchert, H. C. PIE #dog’ in Hittite? Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 50: 97-101.
1991: Haarmann, Harald (1991): Basic aspects of language in human relations : toward a general theoretical framework [Contributions to the sociology of language ; 59 ]. Berlin [u.a.] : Mouton de Gruyter, p232.
1993[K.]: Melchert, H. C. Cuneiform Luvian lexicon. Chapel Hill, N.C., . // Dictionary of the Cuneiform Luwian corpus.
1996[K.]: Catsanicos = Catsanicos, J., 1996: L'apport de la bilingue de Hattusa à la lexicologie hourrite. In: Amurru 1: Mari, Ébla et les hourrites. Paris. P. 197-296. // Lexicographic treatment of the data from the Hurrian-Hittite bilingua.
1997: Dyen, I., J. Kruskal, and P. Black (1997): COMPARATIVE INDOEUROPEAN DATABASE COLLECTED BY ISDORE DYEN FILE IE-DATA1. Original URL cancelled. 2007 only available at www.wordgumbo.com,ie,comp,iedata.txt, as test of this still often used list.
1998: Håkon, Ernst (Ed.), Language Change; Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics. [Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 14]. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin 1998. p87: "According to Laroche, in his onomastical study of 1966, the movement of Luwians from what the Hittites called the Low Country towards the capital was of massive size and the Hittite people became slowly Luwianized."
2001: Neu, Erich, Skizze einer Beschreibung der Wurzelstruktur hurritischer Nomina und Verben. Ein Näherungsversuch. In Igla/Stolu (Hrsg) Was ich noch sagen wollte …” Multilingual FS for Norbert Boretzki on the occasion of his 65th Birthday. B: Akademie-Verl. 87-012.
2002: (=Dunn-# 28) Ringe, D., Warnow, T., Taylor, A. (2002) 'Indo-European and Computational Cladistics.' Transaction of the Philological Society Vol. 100:1: 59-129.
· these lists are cited in http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/CPHL/ie-wordlist-07.pdf; ich gebe dahinter die Anzuahl der von Ringe verzeichneten Cognaten, „xC“.
2004: Soy(sal), Oğuz. Hattischer Wortschatz in hethitischer Textüberlieferung. Leiden: Brill. (I found no Hattian substratum in this list in the range of the Swadesh UCL).
2006: Goedegebuure, P. A New Proposal for the Reading of the Hittite numeral ‘1’: sia-. In Theo van den Hout (Hrsg.): The Life and Times of Hattusili III and Tudhaliya IV. Leiden. Festschrift de Roos?
2008[K.]: Hoffner, A.jr. & Melchert H.C. A grammar of the Hittite language. Part 1: Reference grammar. Eisenbrauns, 2008. // Up-to-date descriptive grammar of the Hittite language.
2008[K.]: Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden – Boston: Brill (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5). Habe EDHIL .pdf oAU !!
2009 [K.]: Melchert, H. C. Deictic pronouns in Anatolian. In: K. Yoshida & B. Vine (ed.). East and West. Papers in Indo-European Studies. Bremen, 2009. P. 151-161.
2010 [K.]: Cohen, Y. Rara avis: A study of the HU section of the Sa vocabulary. In: H. D. Baker et al. (eds). Your praise is sweet. A memorial volume for Jeremy Black from students, colleagues and friends. London, 2010. P. 29-40.
2010 [K.]: Eichner, H.. Laudatio hostiae und laudatio victimae im Palaischen. In: Hethitica 16. Peeters, 2010. P. 39-58.
2010: Kümmel, M. Liste hethitischer Verben, z.B. über researchGate. Neueste Versionen angeblich beim Autor zu erhalten.
2010 [K.]: Pecchioli Daddi, F. The Hittite word talla-. In: J. Klinger et al. (eds). Investigationes Anatolicae. Gedenkschrift für Erich Neu (StBoT 52). Wiesbaden, 2010.
2010 [K.]: Van den Hout, Th. The Hieroglyphic Luwian signs L. 255 and 256 and once again Karatepe XI. In: I. Singer (ed.). Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday . Tel Aviv, 2010. P. 234-243.
2011: Tischler, J. – ordered to Hittite, therefore too time-consuming to find the meanings. He recommended Kassian (2011)
2011-: BC : Brosch, Cyril. Synopse zur hethitischen & anatolischen historischen Lautlehre. URL www.cyrilbrosch.net/anatol/hhph.pdf.
2011: Kassian, A., G. Starostin. Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Hittite (Old Hittite) language (Anatolian group, Indo-European family). [Text version of database, created 14/10/2011]. From http://starling.rinet.ru/new100/ana.pdf. (Friendly suggested by Tischler ). He often employes [K] “the rare, but secure correspondence Hitt. s- ~ Luw. t- ~ IE 0- .”
2012: prw: www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/en_syntaxe_conjunction.htm.
2012: OCHRE: ochre.lib.uchicago.edu/eCHD/ = Electronic Chicago Hittite Dictionary
2013: Koller, Bernhard. Hittite pai- ‘come’ and uwa- ‘go’ as Restructuring Verbs. JHL 3-1: 77-97(21)
2013: Malzahn, Melanie (Vienna): The second one to branch off?—The Tocharian lexicon revisited. Handout at “Etymology and the European Lexicon” 14th Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellschaft, Copenhagen, Sept. 17, 2012. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/9823587/handout-etymology-and-the-european-lexicon.
2015: Kümmel, Martin: Hethitische Verben. academia.edu/ vheth-libre.pdf – ist aber Stand 2010!“ s. dort.
Bad source: 1969: Wittmann (1969) noted 29 (marked ?#?) representatives of Hittite as “unusable”. Moreover, he used not the final version of Swadesh’s list as published posthumous 1971, not even that of 1955; thus the following 28 old Swadesh-meanings are worthless here: animal, to bark (to my knowledge never used by Swadesh, who allways referred to the bark of trees, conceivable from the context of the list), beard, to bind, excrement, eagle, flower, father, free, to graze, lung (never used by Swadesh), mother, near, nude, other, to pull, rope, to run, to sing, sky, to sting, to swallow, teat, thick, three, to turn, wind, who. To compute the time of partition from Indo-European, he used the mistaken formula and data of Lees (1953), overlooking that the value 0.805 therof was only valid for Lees’ 215-word list, not for 100 words, where Swadesh calculated a much higer stability of 86%. This would have lead to a much older value, namely -2,647 a, minus the -1,800 of Hittite, would yield -4 450 a. On the other hand, some more cognates, say 0.7%, would yield a much smaller difference, namely -1 182 a, minus a more correct age for the Hittite word age yields -2 680.
Indic, Avestan (Y: Young-Avestan, as marked in Blažek (pers. e-mail of jan, 2012))
1891: CC: Cappeller, Carl A Sanskrit-English dictionary Bostin, Ginn and Co., regrettably used to compile the unreliable ewy.
1961: Burrow, T and M.B. Emeneau: A Dravidian etymological dictionary. [BSOAS 26-02]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961. “DEDR”, Incorporated in Drat.
1962-1966: Tu : Turner, R. L. (Ralph Lilley), Sir. A comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press. Includes three supplements of 1969-1985. Incorporated in M.Mayrhofer, V.Blažek, and elsewhere.
1969: Schindler, J. Die idg. Worter fur 'Vogel' und 'Ei'. Die Sprache 15: 144-67.
1987: SV: Sharma, Aryendra / Vermeer, Hans J.: Hindi-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, Julius Groos Verlag, 2. Aufl. Unreliable: Refer too frequently to “Skt. word”, not contained in Pokorny, nor Mayrhofer.
1993: MG: McGregor, R.S, ed. The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford university press. 1993 (indirectly via ewS).
1992-2001:Mh: Mayrhofer, Manfred: Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. Heidelberg: Winter. I(1992), II(1996), III(2001). M: in citations from SV, for outdated Mayrhofer KEWA.
2000: St = Starostin. His list differs in some point from the the specifying descriptions in Swadesh 1952-5 (for he gives burn as transitive, instead of intransitive), and the final Version of Swadesh 1971, for he gives ‘breast’ instead of the plural.
2000: Wit: Michael Witzel, Harvard Univ. The home of the Aryans.pdf; via http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2008/114
2001: Lub01: Lubotsky, Alexander: The Indo-Iranian Substratum. In: Carpelan, Christian; Parpola, Asko; Koskikallio, Petteri (Eds), EARLY CONTACTS BETWEEN URALIC AND INDO-EUROPEAN: LINGUISTIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seura, Helsinki, Finland, 2001.
2003: MW: Monier Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, via URL http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/u.html, state of 03/27/2003. Or, http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/mwquery/ (2008).
2006: Skj: Skjaervo, Prods Oktor. Old Avestan index.pdf, via http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/OldAvestan/. With sources/references!
2010: BH: Václav Blažek & Irén Hegedűs: ON THE POSITION OF NURISTANI WITHIN INDO-IRANIAN. pdf.
cont: Lub(otsky) via URL http://www.indo-european.nl/ied/index.html (Since mid of 2011 no longer accessible); his encodings are extremely difficultly to retrieve. I have not found the meaning ‘all’, neither as “match substring”, nor “match beginning”; best worked “IE meaning”, and “page Pokorny”. The reason for many missing words is given in Lubotsky 2001, namely that he is not sure about their IE origin. The Starostin Font is no good idea, because it is extremely difficult to type and compatible with nothing.
cont: VeN: http://vedabase.net/. With attestations!
cont: Who: http://worterbuch-deutsch.com/worterbuch-deutsch-hindi.html
cont: DraSt: Dravidian etymological database via http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\drav\dravet, “Compiled by George Starostin on the basis of the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary by T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau, with extensive modifications of the existing reconstruction and various new comments from the compiler. The database is quite detailed, with a large subset of subordinate etymologies for various sub branches of Dravidian.”
cont: SO: http://www.sanskrita.org/wiki/index.php/. (Explanations to Monier-Williams)
cont: sa: http://dictionary.sensagent.com/ for possible loan sources as e.g. Persian.
cont: SH: Jonathan Slocum and Scott L. Harvey: Avestan: English Meaning Index at http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/aveol-EI-X.html of jan, 2012
cont: :bbl: http://en.bab.la/dictionary/hindi-english/ in both directions, often false English, ‘good’ only noticed as {noun}!).
cont: ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Hindi_Swadesh_list. In spite of being sometimes based on the well-known work of McGregor (1993), the Hindi translations are often unreliable and had to be crosschecked.
cont: ewy: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/??Hindi, for many Hindi etymologies, which appears to be archaizing. The Sanskrit is too often based on the outdated -> Cappeller, Carl A Sanskrit-English dictionary Bostin, Ginn and Co., 1891, or Monier-Williams 1898/9.
cont: glo: http://glosbe.com/en/hi/ tries to give options with context, often gives en.wiktionary as source, which itself, however, gives other translations! glo+, if confirmed by correct context sentence.
cont: hiw = hi.wikipedia: In cases, where the primary Hindi term was questionably, a shift from the main entry in de/en.wiki to hi.wiki could settle the situation, e.g. for liver (Regrettably not the etymology).
Unusable, or not recommended sources, because too ambiguous or mistaken:
- The above abbreviation “bbl” must not be mixed up with “Babylon” (http://uebersetzung.babylon.com/deutsch/hindi/), where I encountered completely nonsense translations, e.g. for ‘full’: unusable!
- C|net2- English-Hindi: Too ambiguous, no context for Hindi lexemes. Moreover, that program is resistant to uninstall.
- http://www.shabdkosh.com/s?e=good&f=0&t=0&l=hi is subdivided into noun and adjective and includes pronunciation, but gives no context.
Latin and Italian.
1979: Pfister, Max (ed.): Lessico etimologico italiano : LEI / ed. per incarico della Commissione per la Filologia Romanza. Wiesbaden : Reichert.
1979-1999: Cortelazzo, Manlio; Paolo Zolli: Il nuovo Etimologico. DELI. Dizionario etimologica della lingua Italiana. Bologna : Zanichelli.
2008 (to appear) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. by Michiel de Vaan (Leiden University). Leiden: Brill.
Scandinavian
For Old Norse (Norrøn) and Old Icelandic
1962,1977: dV: Vries, Jan de: Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Leiden: Brill, 2nd ed. Gives at least some secondary or parallel translations. Writes long vowels with acute.
1971: GE: Gering, Hugo: Vollständiges Wörterbuch zu den Lieder der Edda. Hildesheim: Olms (Nachdruck der Ausgabe vopn 1903).
2008: Hyllested, Adam: Saami Loanwords in Old Norse. In: North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE 55). Odense:131-146. Preprint-pdf.
2003?:Kö: Köbler, Gerhard: The many unexplained expressions (e.g. 27 for “Mann”) are nearly useless. Writes long vowels with makron (dash) above. Must be cross-checked with de Vries.
2012: Harðarson, Jón Axel: pers. e-mail with decision of four difficult forms.
cont.: nr: no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrønt (språk)
For Modern Icelandic
1874: Cleasby, Richard; Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary – “the most comprehensive and authoritative dictionary on Old Icelandic”.[?]
1910: Zoëga, Geir T.: A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic (Recommended by U-Penn, and obviously used by Ringe). Seems outdated, not available to me.
1967: Be: Bergveinsson, Svein: Isländisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. VEB Verl. Enzyklopädie, Leipzig.
2001: Sch : Schmid, Hans-Ulrich:. Wörterbuch Isländisch-Deutsch. Buske. Low standard.
cont.: dc: http://isde.dict.cc/ for modern-Icelandic with good explanations.
cont.: ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Icelandic_Swadesh_list. Unreliable.
For Norwegian dialects
2007: Bjorvand, Harald & Lindemann, Fredrik O.: Våre arveord. Etymologisk ordbok. Institutet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, Novus-Forlag, Oslo.
2006: Blažek, Václav: Review of Bjorvand/Lindemann. Linguistica ONLINE, January, 30th 2006. As via http://www.phil.muni.cz/linguistica/art/blazek/bla-005.pdf . ISSN 1801-5336.
cont.: Nob: http://www.nob-ordbok.uio.no/perl/ (= Bokmåls-/Nynorskordboka, Universitetet i Oslo i samarbeid med Språkrådet). Gebrauchsinformationen, keine Etymologien?
cont.: nol: http://norwegianlanguage.eu/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/swadesh_list.pdf (215 words version “Swadesh list of Norwegian, however, not fully congruent with latest Swadesh).
cont.: nnw: nn.wikipedia/ for Nynorsk
cont.: now: no.wikipedia.org/ for available Bokmål.
cont.: dc: http://deno.dict.cc/ for Norwegian with some good explanations.
For Danish, beside the other sources,
cont.: ewS: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Danish_Swadesh_list. Unreliable. See, however, the better ewy.
cont.: daw: http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Tocharian:
Primary source:
1999: Adams, Douglas Q.: A dictionary of Tocharian B. [Leiden Studies in Indo-European 10]. Amsterdam/Atlanta GA: Rodopi. Per http://ieed.ullet.net/tochB.html. With page numbers. Verbs as root. “G”(rundverb); “K”(on/subjunctive).
Complementary sources:
1991: Haarmann, Harald: Basic aspects of language in human relations : toward a general theoretical framework [Contributions to the sociology of language ; 59 ]. Berlin [u.a.] : Mouton de Gruyter, p232.
1998: Håkon, Ernst (Ed.), Language Change; Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics. [Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 14]. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin. p87: "According to Laroche, in his onomastical study of 1966, the movement of Luwians from what the Hittites calle the Low Country towards the capital was of massive size and the Hittite people became slowly Luwianized."
2002: (Rn) = Ringe, Don, 2002: “The Indo-European word lists”. The parallel wordlists of 24 oIndo-European (IE) languages used in the Ringe, Warnow, Taylor 2002 paper (PDF), as available at www.cs.rice.edu,~nakhley,CPHL,. oInternal date 2007-07-05. Containing 421 concepts.
2002(?): (RiS) = Ringe “Screened IE dataset” without date, still on http://www.cs.rice.edu,~nakhleh,CPHL, as 2011-08-16. (low standard)
2010: Malzahn, Melanie: The Tocharian Verbal System. Brill
2011: Blazek, Tocharian Studies
2012: (Mal) =Malzahn, Melanie. The second one to branch off? – The Tocharian lexicon revisited. Handout from “Etymology and the European lexicon. 14th Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellschaft, Kopenhagen, Sept 2012.
cont: Mal =Malzahn, Melanie, A Comprehensive Edition of Tocharian Manuscripts (CETM) A continued edition of Tocharian material: URL http://www.univie.ac.at/tocharian/?conference
cont.: Slocum_Jonathan; Krause_Todd_B : Tocharian online: English meaning index. http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/txbol-EI-X.html
cont.: Wiktionary as of http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Tocharian_B_Swadesh_list. Most links are empty, and if not, there are ad-hoc etymologies without any references. The author Ivan Štambuk has copied exclusively from Ringe. (low standard)